<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2022-2-88-119</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-102</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономическая история</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Economic History</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Факторы роста экономики позднего СССР в пространственной перспективе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Factors of Economic Growth in the Late USSR from a Spatial Perspective</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-2538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диденко</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Didenko</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Валерьевич Диденко, Доктор экономических наук, кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, профессор Института общественных наук</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Didenko, Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Leading Researcher, Professor, Institute for Social Sciences</p><p>82, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">didenko-dv@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-5967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гринева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grineva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Владимировна Гринева, Кандидат экономических наук, доцент департамента анализа данных и машинного обучения; доцент Института экономики, математики и информационных технологий</p><p>125993, Москва, Ленинградский пр., 49</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Grineva, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Department of Data Analysis and Machine Learning; Institute of Economics, Mathematics and Information Technologies</p><p>49, Leningradskiy pr., Moscow, 125993</p><p>82, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">NGrineva@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РАНХиГС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации; РАНХиГС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Russian Presidential Academy of National economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Диденко Д.В., Гринева Н.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Диденко Д.В., Гринева Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Didenko D.V., Grineva N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/102">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/102</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлены оценки факторов экономического роста позднего СССР с учетом неодно­родности его территорий. С использованием панельных данных по республикам бывшего СССР тестируются модели эндогенного роста в виде модифицированной производственной функ­ции с фиксированными эффектами. В качестве независимых переменных выбраны объемы физического и человеческого капитала по восстановительной стоимости, прокси-индикаторы институциональной и технологической динамики, а также объем финансирования сектора НИР в качестве источника эндогенного «ромерианского» роста. Качество институциональной среды аппроксимируется уровнем убийств как показателем наиболее полно регистрируемой насильственной преступности, а также дифференциалом оплаты работников интеллектуального труда и рабочих в промышленности как индикатором сочетания политики стимулирования производ­ства и распределения доходов. Технологический уровень экономики аппроксимируется показа­телем младенческой смертности. Производственные функции строились как непосредственно по уровням временных рядов, так и в темпах их изменений. Выявлены статистически значимые фиксированные эффекты, указывающие на наличие взаимосвязей экономического развития республик бывшего СССР как регионов единой системы. Показаны отдельные признаки пере­хода советской экономики к эндогенной модели роста на основе научно-технологического про­гресса, не получившие развития. К этим признакам относятся увеличение вложений в интел­лектуальный капитал в сфере НИР и накопление человеческого капитала в сфере образования. Гипотеза о значимой роли ухудшения институциональной среды в замедлении экономического роста СССР получает лишь частичную поддержку. Более значительную поддержку получила гипотеза о важной роли стагнации технологического уровня. В теоретическом контексте эконо­мики развития обсуждается роль накопления человеческого капитала и вложений в науку для экономики на стадии среднего индустриального развития.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, the authors propose their estimates of the factors of economic growth in the late USSR, accounting for heterogeneity of its territories. Utilizing panel data for the republics of the former USSR, the authors test the models of endogenous growth expressed by a modified production function with fixed effects. As independent variables the authors select stocks of physical and human capital at their replacement cost; proxy indicators of institutional and technological change; and R&amp;D expenditures as a source of endogenous “Romerian” growth. The institutional quality is proxied by murder rate, an indicator of the most accurately registered type of violent criminal offense, as well as by “white- vs blue-collar wage differential” in industry, an indicator of trade-offs in the policies for production incentives and income distribution. The technological level of the economy is proxied by infant mortality. The authors model and estimate production functions based on both levels of the series and their rates of change. Statistically significant fixed effects are found, which indicate the existence of interrelationships in economic development of the former USSR republics as regions of the unified system. The authors reveal mixed evidence of Soviet economy transition to an endogenous growth model based on R&amp;D and technological progress, which remained undeveloped. They document the increase of investments in intellectual capital in R&amp;D and human capital formation in education. The hypothesis of the significant contribution to the slowdown of economic growth in the USSR on the part of deterioration of the institutional environment receives only partial support. The hypothesis of importance of technological level stagnation has received more support. In theoretical discourse of development economics, the authors discuss issues of human capital accumulation and investments in R&amp;D for an economy at the middle stage of industrial development.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новые теории роста</kwd><kwd>производственная функция</kwd><kwd>фиксированные эффекты</kwd><kwd>исследования и разработки</kwd><kwd>человеческий капитал</kwd><kwd>институциональная среда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>new growth theories</kwd><kwd>production function</kwd><kwd>fixed effects</kwd><kwd>R&amp;D</kwd><kwd>human capital</kwd><kwd>institutional environment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аджемоглу Д., Робинсон Дж. А.Почему одни страны богатые, а другие бедные. Происхождение власти, процветания и нищеты / Пер. с англ. Д. Литвинова, С. Сановича, П. Миронова. М.: АСТ, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Robinson J. A. Pochemu odni strany bogatye, a drugiye bednye. Proiskhozhdenie vlasti, protsvetaniya i nishchety [Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty]. Transl. by D. Litvinov, S. Sanovich, P. Mironov. Moscow, AST, 2015. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анчишкин А. И. Прогнозирование темпов и факторов экономического роста / Сост. А. В. Суворов. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anchishkin A. I.. Prognozirovanie tempov i faktorov ekonomicheskogo rosta [Forecasting the Pace and Factors of Economic Growth], comp. A. V. Suvorov. Moscow, MAX Press, 2003. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьев А. А., Пономарева О. С. Народнохозяйственная производственная функция России в 1990–2017 гг. // Экономика и математические методы. 2020. Т. 56. № 1. С. 67–78. DOI:10.31857/S042473880006708-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аfanasiev А. А., Ponomareva O. S. Narodnokhozyaystvennaya proizvodstvennaya funk3. tsiya Rossii v 1990-2017 gg. [The Macroeconomic Production Function of Russia in 1990-2017]. Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody [Economics and Mathematical Methods], 2020, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 67-78. DOI:10.31857/S042473880006708-7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьев А. А., Пономарева О. С. Производственная функция народного хозяйства России в 1990–2012 гг. // Экономика и математические методы. 2014. Т. 50. № 4. С. 21–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аfanasiev А. А., Ponomareva O. S. Proizvodstvennaya funktsiya narodnogo khozyaystva  Rossii v 1990-2012 gg. [The Aggregate Production Function of Russian Economy in 1990-2012]. Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody. [Economics and Mathematical Methods], 2014, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 21-33. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бокарев Ю. П.5. СССР и становление постиндустриального общества на Западе: 1970–1980-е годы. М.: Наука, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bokaryov Yu. P. 5. SSSR i stanovlenie postindustrial’nogo obshchestva na Zapade, 1970-1980-e gody [The USSR and the Coming of Post-Industrial Society in the West]. Moscow, Nauka, 2007. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гэдди К. Г., Икес Б. У. Ресурсная зависимость России // Экономика России. Оксфордский сборник. Книга I / Пер. с англ. А. Шоломицкой; под ред. М. Алексеева, Ш. Вебера. М.: Изд-во Института Гайдара, 2015. С. 535–583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaddy C. G., Ickes B. W. Resursnaya zavisimost’ Rossii [Russia’s Dependence on Resources]. In: Alexeev M., Weber S. (eds.). Ekonomika Rossii. Oksfordskiy sbornik [The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy], transl. by A. Sholomitskaya, vol. 1. Moscow, Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2015, pp. 535-583. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидова О. А., Иванов Д. С. Модели экономического роста с неоднородными пространственными эффектами (на примере российских регионов) // Экономический журнал ВШЭ. 2016. Т. 20. № 1. С. 52–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidova O. A., Ivanov D. S. Modeli ekonomicheskogo rosta s neodnorodnymi prostranstvennymi effektami [Models of Economic Growth with Heterogenous Spatial Effects: The Case of Russian Regions]. Ekonomicheskiy zhurnal VShE [HSE Economic Journal], 2016, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 52-75. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидова О., Камалова Э. Пространственно-эконометрическое моделирование экономического роста российских регионов: имеют ли значение институты? // Экономическая политика. 2021. Т. 16. № 2. С. 34–59. DOI:10.18288/1994-5124-2021-2-34-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidova О. A., Kamalova E. Prostransvenno-ekonometricheskoe modelorovanie ekonomicheskogo rosta rossiyskikh regionov: imeyut li znachenie instituty? [Spatial Econometric Modeling of Economic Growth in Russian Regions: Do Institutions Matter?]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2021, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 34-59. DOI:10.18288/1994-5124-2021-2-34-59. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диденко Д. В., Гринева Н. В. Советский экономический рост в межстрановой перспективе: роль финансирования науки // Историческая информатика. 2021. № 1. С. 48–65. DOI:10.7256/2585-7797.2021.1.34708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didenko D. V., Grineva N. V. Sovetskiy ekonomicheskiy rost v mezhstranovoy perspektive: rol’ finansirovaniya nauki [The Soviet Economic Growth in a Cross-Country Comparison: The Role of Financing Research and Development]. Istoricheskaya informatika [Historical Information Science], 2021, no. 1, pp. 48-65. DOI:10.7256/2585-7797.2021.1.34708. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земцов С. П., Смелов Ю. А. Факторы регионального развития в России: география, человеческий капитал или политика регионов // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 2018. № 4(40). С. 84–108. DOI:10.31737/2221-2264-2018-40-4-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemtsov S. P., Smelov Yu. A. Faktory regional’nogo razvitiya v Rossii: geografiya, chelovecheskiy kapital ili politika regionov [Factors of Regional Development in Russia: Geography, Human Capital and Regional Policies]. Zhurnal Novoy ekonomicheskoy assotsiatsii [Journal of the New Economic Association], 2018, no. 4(40), pp. 84-108. DOI:10.31737/2221-2264-2018-40-4-4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирилюк И. Л. Модели производственных функций для российской экономики // Компьютерные исследования и моделирование. 2013. Т. 5. № 2. С. 293–312. DOI:10.20537/2076-7633-2013-5-2-293-312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirilyuk I. L. Modeli proizvodstvennoy funktsii dlya rossiiskoy ekonomiki [Models of Production Functions for the Russian Economy]. Komp’yuternye issledovaniya i modelirovanie [Computer Research and Modeling], 2013, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 293-312. DOI:10.20537/2076-7633-2013-5-2-293-312. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лунеев В. В. Преступность XX века: мировые, региональные и российские тенденции. М.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luneev V. V. Prestupnost’ 20 veka: mirovye, regional’nye i rossiiskie tendentsii [Criminality of the 20th Century: Global, Regional, and Russian Trends]. Moscow, Wolters Kluwer, 2005. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нуреев Р. М., Латов Ю. В. Между «реальным социализмом» и «восточным деспотизмом»: лабиринты институционального экономического развития Советской России // Мир России. 2014. Т. 23. № 3. С. 6–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nureev R. M., Latov Yu. V. Mezhdu “real’nym sotsializmom” i “vostochnym despotizmom”: labirinty institutsional’nogo ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Sovetskoy Rossii [Between “Real Socialism” and “Oriental Despotism”: The Labyrinths of Institutional Economic Development in Soviet Russia]. Mir Rossii [Universe of Russia], 2014, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 6-45. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ханин Г. И. Динамика экономического развития СССР. Новосибирск: Наука, 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanin G. I. Dinamika ekonomicheskogo razvitiia SSSR [The Dynamics of Economic Development of the USSR]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1991. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яременко Ю. В. Теория и методология исследования многоуровневой экономики: избранные труды в трех книгах. Кн. 1. М.: Наука, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaremenko Yu. V.  Teoriya i metodologiya issledovaniya mnogourovnevoy ekonomiki [Theory and Methodology of the Study of the Multilevel Economy], Part 1. Moscow, Science Publishing House, 2000. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai J. Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects // Econometrica. 2009. Vol. 77. No 4. Р. 1229–1279. DOI:10.3982/ECTA6135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai J. Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects. Econometrica, 2009, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1229-1279. DOI:10.3982/ECTA6135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blasques F., Koopman S. J., Lucas A., Schaumburg J. Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time Series Models // Journal of Econometrics. 2016. Vol. 195. No 2. Р. 211–223. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.09.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blasques F., Koopman S. J., Lucas A., Schaumburg J. Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time Series Models. Journal of Econometrics, 2016, vol. 195, no. 2, pp. 211-223. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.09.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catania L., Billé A. G. Dynamic Spatial Autoregressive Models with Autoregressive and Heteroskedastic Disturbances // Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2017. Vol. 32. No 6. Р. 1178–1196. DOI:10.1002/jae.2565.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catania L., Billé A. G. Dynamic Spatial Autoregressive Models with Autoregressive and Heteroskedastic Disturbances. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2017, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1178-1196. DOI:10.1002/jae.2565.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desai P. The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desai P. The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Didenko D., Földvári P., Van Leeuwen B. The Spread of Human Capital in the Former Soviet Union Area in a Comparative Perspective: Exploring a New Dataset // Journal of Eurasian Studies. 2013. Vol. 4. No 2. Р. 123–135. DOI:10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didenko D., Földvári P., Van Leeuwen B. The Spread of Human Capital in the Former Soviet Union Area in a Comparative Perspective: Exploring a New Dataset. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2013, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 123-135. DOI:10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durlauf S. N., Quah D. T. The New Empirics of Economic Growth // Handbook of Macroeconomics. Vol. 1. Part A / J. B. Taylor, M. Woodford (eds.). 1999. Chapter 4. Р. 235–308. DOI:10.1016/S1574-0048(99)01007-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durlauf S. N., Quah D. T. The New Empirics of Economic Growth. In: Taylor J. B., Woodford M. (eds.). Handbook of Macroeconomics, vol. 1, part A, 1999, chapter 4, pp. 235-308. DOI:10.1016/S1574-0048(99)01007-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Easterly W., Fischer S. The Soviet Economic Decline: Historical and Republican Data // The World Bank Economic Review. 1995. Vol. 9. No 3. P. 341–371. DOI:10.1093/wber/9.3.341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Easterly W., Fischer S. The Soviet Economic Decline: Historical and Republican Data. 22. The World Bank Economic Review, 1995, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 341-371. DOI:10.1093/wber/9.3.341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamilton K., Ruta G., Bolt K., Markandya A., Pedroso-Galinato S., Silva P., Ordoubadi M. S., Lange G.-M., Tajibaeva L. Where Is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton K., Ruta G., Bolt K., Markandya A., Pedroso-Galinato S., Silva P., Ordou23. badi M. S., Lange G.-M., Tajibaeva L. Where Is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karabchuk T., Kumo K., Selezneva E. Demography of Russia: From the Past to the Present. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karabchuk T., Kumo K., Selezneva E. Demography of Russia: From the Past to the Present. L., Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kukić L. Origins of Regional Divergence: Economic Growth in Socialist Yugoslavia // Economic History Review. 2020. Vol. 73. No 4. Р. 1097–1127. DOI:10.1111/ehr.12967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukić L. Origins of Regional Divergence: Economic Growth in Socialist Yugoslavia. Economic History Review, 2020, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1097-1127. DOI:10.1111/ehr.12967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lange G.-M., Hamilton K., Ruta G., Chakraborti L., Desai D., Edens B., Ferreira S., Fraumeni B., Jarvis M., Kingsmill W., Li H. The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. Environment and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lange G.-M., Hamilton K., Ruta G., Chakraborti L., Desai D., Edens B., Ferreira S., Fraumeni B., Jarvis M., Kingsmill W., Li H. The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. Environment and Development. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee L.-F., Yu J. A Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Model with Both Time and Individual Fixed Effects // Econometric Theory. 2010. Vol. 26. No 2. Р. 564–597. DOI:10.1017/S0266466609100099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee L.-F., Yu J. A Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Model with Both Time and Individual Fixed Effects. Econometric Theory, 2010, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 564-597. DOI:10.1017/S0266466609100099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucas R. E.Making a Miracle // Econometrica. 1993. Vol. 61. No 2. Р. 251–272. DOI:10.2307/2951551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucas R. E. Making a Miracle. Econometrica, 1993, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 251-272. DOI:10.2307/2951551.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucas R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development // Journal of Monetary Economics. 1988. Vol. 22. No 1. Р. 3–42. DOI:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucas R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 3-42. DOI:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mankiw N.G., Romer D., Weil D. N. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth // The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1992. Vol. 107. No 2. Р. 407–437. DOI:10.2307/2118477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mankiw N.G., Romer D., Weil D. N. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 407-437. DOI:10.2307/2118477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Männasoo K., Hein H, Ruubel R. The Contributions of Human Capital, R&amp;D Spending and Convergence to Total Factor Productivity Growth // Regional Studies. 2018. Vol. 52. No 12. Р. 1598–1611. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1445848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Männasoo K., Hein H, Ruubel R. The Contributions of Human Capital, R&amp;D Spending and Convergence to Total Factor Productivity Growth. Regional Studies, 2018, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1598-1611. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1445848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ofer G. Soviet Economic Growth: 1928–1985 // Journal of Economic Literature. 1987. Vol. 25. No 4. Р. 1767–1833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ofer G. Soviet Economic Growth: 1928-1985. 32. Journal of Economic Literature, 1987, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1767-1833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popov V. Life Cycle of the Centrally Planned Economy: Why Soviet Growth Rates Peaked in the 1950s // Studies in Economic Transition. Transition and Beyond / S. Estrin, G. W. Kolodko, M. Uvalic (eds.). London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Р. 35–57. DOI:10.1057/9780230590328_3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov V. Life Cycle of the Centrally Planned Economy: Why Soviet Growth Rates Peaked in the 1950s. In: Estrin S., Kolodko G.W., Uvalic M. (eds.). Studies in Economic Transition. Transition and Beyond. L., Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 35-57. DOI:10.1057/9780230590328_3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popov V. Mixed Fortunes: An Economic History of China, Russia, and the West. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703631.001.0001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov V. Mixed Fortunes: An Economic History of China, Russia, and the West. N. Y., NY, Oxford University Press, 2014. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703631.001.0001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romer P. M. Endogenous Technological Change // The Journal of Political Economy. 1990. Vol. 98. No 5(2). Р. S71–S102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romer P. M. Endogenous Technological Change. 35. The Journal of Political Economy, 1990, vol. 98, no. 5(2), pp. S71-S102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi W., Lee L.-F. Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects // Journal of Econometrics. 2017. Vol. 197. No 2. Р. 323–347. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi W., Lee L.-F. Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects.  Journal of Econometrics, 2017, vol. 197, no. 2, pp. 323-347. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinberg D. The Soviet Economy 1970–1990: A Statistical Analysis. San Francisco, CA: Intern. Trade Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinberg D.  The Soviet Economy 1970-1990: A Statistical Analysis. San Francisco, CA, Intern. Trade Press, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Leeuwen B., Földvári P. Human Capital and Economic Growth in Asia 1890-2000: A Time-Series Analysis // Asian Economic Journal. 2008. Vol. 22. No 3. Р. 225–240. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8381.2008.00276.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Leeuwen B., Földvári P. Human Capital and Economic Growth in Asia 1890-2000: 38. A Time-Series Analysis. Asian Economic Journal, 2008, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 225-240. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8381.2008.00276.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weitzman M. L. Soviet Postwar Economic Growth and Capital-Labor Substitution // American Economic Review. 1970. Vol. 60. No 4. Р. 676–692.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weitzman M. L. Soviet Postwar Economic Growth and Capital-Labor Substitution.  American Economic Review, 1970, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 676-692.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y., Li A. The Relationship Between Innovative Human Capital and Interprovincial Economic Growth Based on Panel Data Model and Spatial Econometrics // Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 2020. Vol. 365. No 5. DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2019.112381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y., Li A. The Relationship between Innovative Human Capital and Interprovincial Economic Growth Based on Panel Data Model and Spatial Econometrics. Journal of Computa­tional and Applied Mathematics, 2020, vol. 365, no. 5. DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2019.112381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu J., De Jong R., Lee L.-F. Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Dynamic Panel Data with Fixed Effects When Both n and T Are Large // Journal of Econometrics. 2008. Vol. 146. No 1. Р. 118–134. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu J., De Jong R., Lee L.-F. Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Dynamic Panel Data with Fixed Effects When Both n and T Are Large. Journal of Econometrics, 2008, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 118-134. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
