<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2021-3-44-81</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Макроэкономика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Macroeconomics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Финансовая репрессия и эффективность финансового рынка в модели общего равновесия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Financial Repression and Financial Sector Efficiency in a General Equilibrium Model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елкина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elkina</surname><given-names>Mariia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Андреевна Елкина — младший научный сотрудник Центра макроэкономических исследований; стажер-исследователь международной лаборатории макроэкономического анализа,</p><p>127066, Москва, Настасьинский пер., 3, стр. 2;</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский б-р, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariia A. Elkina,</p><p>3/2, Nastas’inskiy per., Moscow, 127066;</p><p>11, Pokrovskiy b-r, Moscow, 109028.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elkina@nifi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский финансовый институт Министерства финансов Российской Федерации; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation; National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Елкина М.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Елкина М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Elkina M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/106">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/106</self-uri><abstract><p>Будучи источником доходов бюджета, финансовая репрессия отрицательно сказывается на инвестициях и экономической активности в целом. Помимо прямого эффекта за счет перераспределения части сбережений в пользу государства и размещения государственного долга на нерыночных условиях финансовая репрессия может отрицательно сказываться на эффективности финансового сектора. Ограничивая доходы финансовых посредников, такая политика дестимулирует их развитие. В статье предложен подход к учету этого эффекта в DSGE-модели, в которой задачей финансовых посредников является решение проблемы асимметрии информации между кредиторами и заемщиками. Инвестируя в развитие технологии мониторинга, финансовый сектор может снизить издержки проведения мониторинга, обеспечив меньшую премию за внешнее финансирование и больший уровень капитала в экономике. Однако на стимулы к инвестициям в мониторинг влияют характеристики рынка, в том числе зависящие от финансовой репрессии. Модель откалибрована для экономики США. Согласно полученным результатам долгосрочное ужесточение политики финансовой репрессии заметно снижает уровень выпуска в экономике. Существенная доля падения обусловлена отрицательным влиянием финансовой репрессии на стимулы финансового сектора инвестировать в развитие технологии мониторинга. Вместе с этим временное ужесточение финансовой репрессии не имеет такого негативного влияния на экономику. Также в случае временного шока эффект, связанный с эффективностью финансового сектора, оказывается несущественным в линеаризованной DSGE-модели. Сравнение мультипликаторов доходов бюджета позволяет заключить, что в первые кварталы после шока финансовая репрессия вызывает более существенный спад в экономике, чем рост искажающих налогов. На более длинном горизонте анализа она может быть сравнительно эффективным способом временного увеличения доходов бюджета, если отношение государственного долга к ВВП не слишком велико.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Being a source of budget revenues, financial repression discourages investment and overall economic activity. Apart from its direct impact on economy, financial repression can adversely influence financial sector efficiency. Such policy can discourage the financial sector’s development by reducing its profits. This study proposes an approach to account for this fact in a DSGE model. In this model the role of the financial sector lies in overcoming the information asymmetry problem between lenders and borrowers. By investing in monitoring technology development, the financial sector can increase its efficiency and reduce the external finance premium. However, the financial sector’s incentives to invest depend on market characteristics; thus, an indirect effect of financial repression emerges. The model is calibrated for the US economy. A permanent increase of financial repression revenues significantly reduces the long-run output. Almost a half of reduction in output comes from discouraging financial sector investments in monitoring. The reason is that financial repression makes investments in monitoring less beneficial by reducing the size of the corporate credit market. Temporary financial repression tightening does not have such a substantial impact on economic activity. Moreover, in this case the financial sector efficiency channel is negligible in a linearized DSGE model. A comparison of financial repression multipliers with those of distortionary taxes demonstrates that the former are the lowest during the first quarters after the shock. If a longer time period is taken into account, financial repression can be a comparatively efficient source of a temporary budget revenues increase if the ratio of government debt to capital is not too high.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>финансовая репрессия</kwd><kwd>несовершенный финансовый рынок</kwd><kwd>финансовые фрикции</kwd><kwd>модель общего равновесия</kwd><kwd>мультипликаторы доходов бюджета</kwd><kwd>регулирование финансовых рынков</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>financial repression</kwd><kwd>financial frictions</kwd><kwd>general equilibrium model</kwd><kwd>fiscal multiplier</kwd><kwd>financial markets regulation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-310-90064.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by the RFBR, project number 19-310-90064.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елкина М. А., Пекарский С. Э. Макроэкономические эффекты финансовой репрессии в DSGE-модели с финансовыми фрикциями // Экономический журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2020. Т. 24. № 4. С. 475–502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkina M. A., Pekarski S. E. Makroekonomicheskie effekty finansovoy repressii v DSGEmodeli s finansovymi friktsiyami [Financial Repression in a DSGE Model with Financial Frictions]. Ekonomicheskiy zhurnal VShE [HSE Economic Journal], 2020, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 475-502. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2020-24-4-475-502. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мамедли М. О., Норкина О. А. Оптимальная финансовая репрессия в модели перекрывающихся поколений с эндогенным предложением труда // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 2019. № 3(43). С. 34–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamedly M. O., Norkina O. A. Optimal’naya finansovaya repressiya v modeli perekryvayushchikhsya pokoleniy s endogennym predlozheniem truda [Optimal Financial Repression in an Overlapping Generations Model with Endogenous Labor]. Zhurnal Novoy ekonomicheskoy assotsiatsii [Journal of the New Economic Association], 2019, no. 3(43), pp. 34-56. DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2019-43-3-2. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Норкина О. А., Пекарский С. Э. Нерыночное размещение долга как финансовая репрессия // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 2015. № 4(28). С. 31–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norkina O. A., Pekarski S. E. Nerynochnoe razmeshchenie dolga kak finansovaya repressiya [Nonmarket Debt Placement as Financial Repression]. Zhurnal Novoy ekonomicheskoy assotsiatsii [Journal of the New Economic Association], 2015, no. 4(28), pp. 31-55. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai C. E., Li D. D., Qian Y., Wang Y. Financial Repression and Optimal Taxation // Economics Letters. 2001. Vol. 70. No 2. P. 245–251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai C. E., Li D. D., Qian Y., Wang Y. Financial Repression and Optimal Taxation. Economics Letters, 2001, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 245-251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker B., Ivashina V. Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis // Review of Finance. 2018. Vol. 22. No 1. P. 83–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker B., Ivashina V. Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. Review of Finance, 2018, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 83-115. DOI: 10.1093/rof/rfx041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bento P., Ranasinghe A. Financial Frictions, Borrowing Costs, and Firm Size Across Sectors. University of Alberta Working Paper. No 2020-07. 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bento P., Ranasinghe A. Financial Frictions, Borrowing Costs, and Firm Size Across Sectors. University of Alberta Working Paper, no. 2020-07, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernanke B. S., Gertler M., Gilchrist S. The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework // Handbook of Macroeconomics. Vol. 1A. / J. B. Taylor, M. Woodford (eds.). Elsevier, 1999. Ch. 21. P. 1341–1393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernanke B. S., Gertler M., Gilchrist S. The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework. In: Taylor J. B., Woodford M. (eds.). Handbook of Macroeconomics, vol. 1A. Elsevier, 1999, ch. 21, pp. 1341-1393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buera F. J., Kaboski J. P., Shin Y. Finance and Development: A Tale of Two Sectors // American Economic Review. 2011. Vol. 101. No 5. P. 1964–2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buera F. J., Kaboski J. P., Shin Y. Finance and Development: A Tale of Two Sectors. American Economic Review, 2011, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 1964-2002. DOI: 10.1257/aer.101.5.1964.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chari V. V., Dovis A., Kehoe P. J. On the Optimality of Financial Repression // Journal of Political Economy. 2020. Vol. 128. No 2. P. 710–739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chari V. V., Dovis A., Kehoe P. J. On the Optimality of Financial Repression. Journal of Political Economy, 2020, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 710-739. DOI: 10.1086/704575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christiano L. J., Trabandt M., Walentin K. DSGE Models for Monetary Policy Analysis // Handbook of Monetary Economics. Vol. 3A. / B. Friedman, M. Woodford (eds.). Elsevier, 2010. Ch. 7. P. 285–367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christiano L. J., Trabandt M., Walentin K. DSGE Models for Monetary Policy Analysis. In: Friedman B., Woodford M. (eds.). Handbook of Monetary Economics, vol. 3A. Elsevier, 2010, pp. 285-367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fry M. J. In Favour of Financial Liberalisation // The Economic Journal. 1997. Vol. 107. No 442. P. 754–770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fry M. J. In Favour of Financial Liberalisation. The Economic Journal, 1997, vol. 107, no. 442, pp. 754-770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenwood J., Sanchez J. M., Wang C. Financing Development: The Role of Information Costs // American Economic Review. 2010. Vol. 100. No 4. P. 1875–1891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenwood J., Sanchez J. M., Wang C. Financing Development: The Role of Information Costs. American Economic Review, 2010, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 1875-1891. DOI: 10.1257/aer.100.4.1875.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenwood J., Sanchez J. M., Wang C. Quantifying the Impact of Financial Development on Economic Development // Review of Economic Dynamics. 2013. Vol. 16. No 1. P. 194–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenwood J., Sanchez J. M., Wang C. Quantifying the Impact of Financial Development on Economic Development. Review of Economic Dynamics, 2013, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 194215. DOI: 10.1010/j.red.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta R. Tax Evasion and Financial Repression // Journal of Economics and Business. 2008. Vol. 60. No 6. P. 517–535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta R. Tax Evasion and Financial Repression. Journal of Economics and Business, 2008, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 517-535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jafarov M. E., Maino M. R., Pani M. M. Financial Repression Is Knocking at the Door, Again. International Monetary Fund Working Paper. WP/19/211. 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jafarov M. E., Maino M. R., Pani M. M. Financial Repression Is Knocking at the Door, Again. International Monetary Fund Working Paper, WP/19/211, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kriwoluzky A., Müller G., Scheer A. Financial Repression in General Equilibrium. 2018. https://www.imfs-frankfurt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Events_2018/MMCI_Conference/Papers/76-Gernot_Mueller-Financial_repression_in_General_Equilibrium.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kriwoluzky A., Müller G., Scheer A. Financial Repression in General Equilibrium, 2018. https://www.imfs-frankfurt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Events_2018/MMCI_Conference/Papers/76-Gernot_Mueller-Financial_repression_in_General_Equilibrium.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee I., Shin J. H. Financial Liberalization, Crises, and Economic Growth // Asian Economic Papers. 2008. Vol. 7. No 1. P. 106–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee I., Shin J. H. Financial Liberalization, Crises, and Economic Growth. Asian Economic Papers, 2008, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 106-115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leeper E. M., Traum N., Walker T. B. Clearing up the Fiscal Multiplier Morass // American Economic Review. 2017. Vol. 107. No 8. P. 2409–2454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leeper E. M., Traum N., Walker T. B. Clearing up the Fiscal Multiplier Morass. American Economic Review, 2017, vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 2409-2454. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20111196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levine R. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence // Handbook of Economic Growth. Vol. 1A. / P. Aghion, S. Durlauf (eds.). Elsevier, 2005. Ch. 12. P. 865–934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levine R. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In: Aghion P., Durlauf S. (eds.). Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1A. Elsevier, 2005, ch. 12, pp. 865-934. DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01012-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDaniel C. Average Tax Rates on Consumption, Investment, Labor and Capital in the OECD 1950–2003. 2007. http://paulklein.ca/newsite/teaching/mcdaniel_tax_2007.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDaniel C. Average Tax Rates on Consumption, Investment, Labor and Capital in the OECD 1950-2003, 2007. http://paulklein.ca/newsite/teaching/mcdaniel_tax_2007.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Midrigan V., Xu D. Y. Finance and Misallocation: Evidence from Plant-Level Data // American Economic Review. 2014. Vol. 104. No 2. P. 422–458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Midrigan V., Xu D. Y. Finance and Misallocation: Evidence from Plant-Level Data. American Economic Review, 2014, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 422-458. DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.2.422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhart C. M. The Return of Financial Repression // Financial Stability Review. 2012. No 16. P. 37–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhart C. M. The Return of Financial Repression. Financial Stability Review, 2012, no. 16, pp. 37-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhart C. M., Sbrancia M. B. The Liquidation of Government Debt // Economic Policy. 2015. Vol. 30. No 82. P. 291–333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhart C. M., Sbrancia M. B. The Liquidation of Government Debt. Economic Policy, 2015, vol. 30, no. 82, pp. 291-333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roubini N., Sala-i-Martin X. Financial Repression and Economic Growth // Journal of Development Economics. 1992. Vol. 39. No 1. P. 5–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roubini N., Sala-i-Martin X. Financial Repression and Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1992, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 5-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smets F., Wouters R. Shocks and Frictions in US Business Cycles: A Bayesian DSGE Approach // American Economic Review. 2007. Vol. 97. No 3. P. 586–606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smets F., Wouters R. Shocks and Frictions in US Business Cycles: A Bayesian DSGE Approach. American Economic Review, 2007, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 586-606. DOI: 10.1257/aer.97.3.586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Townsend R. M. Optimal Contracts and Competitive Markets with Costly State Verification // Journal of Economic Theory. 1979. Vol. 21. No 2. P. 265–293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Townsend R. M. Optimal Contracts and Competitive Markets with Costly State Verification. Journal of Economic Theory, 1979, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 265-293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zubairy S. On Fiscal Multipliers: Estimates from a Medium Scale DSGE Model // International Economic Review. 2014. Vol. 55. No 1. P. 169–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubairy S. On Fiscal Multipliers: Estimates from a Medium Scale DSGE Model. International Economic Review, 2014, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 169-195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
