<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2023-6-6-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-15</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика труда</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Economics of Labor</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Уровень цифровых навыков занятых россиян: ключевые детерминанты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Key Determinants of Digital Skills in the Russian Workforce</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-7422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демьянова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demianova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Владимировна Демьянова, кандидат экономических наук, директор Центра статистики труда и заработной платы, Институт статистических исследований и экономики знаний,</p><p>101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., 20.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Demianova, Director of the Center of Labor and Earnings Statistics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge,</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya ul., Moscow, 101000.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ademyanova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8686-3928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovskii</surname><given-names>Sviatoslav I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Святослав Игоревич Покровский, Стажер-исследователь Центра статистики труда и заработной платы, Институт статистических исследований и экономики знаний,</p><p>101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., 20. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sviatoslav I. Pokrovskii, Research Assistant, Center of Labor and Earnings Statistics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge,</p><p>20, Myasnitskaya ul., Moscow, 101000.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">spokrovskii@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>6--33</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демьянова А.В., Покровский С.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демьянова А.В., Покровский С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demianova A.V., Pokrovskii S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/15">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/15</self-uri><abstract><p>В результате цифровизации роль навыков в области использования информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ) повысилась во всех сферах жизнедеятельности, и рынок труда не исключение. Важным направлением влияния цифровизации является рост спроса в различных профессиях на цифровые навыки, развитию которых в последние годы в России уделяется большое внимание. Цель статьи — определение роли различных характеристик работников в формировании их цифровых навыков. Такая информация важна для комплексного выстраивания мер государственной политики. В профессиональной деятельности часто требуются разные практики в области ИКТ, поэтому в исследовании использовались несколько показателей цифровых навыков. Анализ проводился на основе объединенных данных выборочного обследования рабочей силы и выборочного федерального статистического наблюдения по вопросам использования населением информационных технологий и информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей за 2022 год с помощью эконометрических методов (регрессии Пуассона, порядковой логит-регрессии, пробит-регрессии и декомпозиции Шепли). Выявлено, что уровень образования и возраст, доступность ИКТ-инфраструктуры в домохозяйстве вносят основной вклад в развитие всех рассмотренных групп цифровых навыков, кроме продвинутых, которые в значительной степени связаны с профессиональными характеристиками. К особенностям продвинутых навыков также относится то, что мужчины владеют ими с более высокой вероятностью, чем женщины, среди регионов значимо повышает вероятность их наличия только проживание в Москве и Московской области, среди уровней образования — только высшее. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о важности развития цифровых навыков у обучающихся на образовательных программах всех уровней (не только высшего образования) и работников старших возрастных групп, необходимости увеличения доступности ИКТ-инфраструктуры для домохозяйств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Digitalization has made the role of the population’s ICT skills more important in all areas life, and the labor market is no exception. An important area of influence of digitalization is the growing demand for digital skills in various occupations. Much attention has recently been devoted to developing digital skills among Russia’s workers. The purpose of this article is to determine how the characteristics of those employed contribute to the formation of various groups of digital skills. This information is necessary for the development of public policy. Because workers require different ICT skills, several indicators of digital skills were studied. Merged data from the Russian labor force survey and the sample survey on the use of information technology and information and telecommunication networks by the population for 2022 was analyzed using econometric methods (Poisson regression, ordinal logit regression, probit regression, and Shapley decomposition). It was found that the level of education and age attained along with access to ICT infrastructure in a household are the main factors in the development of all the groups of digital skills considered except for the most advanced ones. More complex digital skills are mostly correlated with occupational characteristics. Possession of advanced digital skills is also affected by gender (men are more likely than women to have them), place of residence (inhabitants of Moscow and the adjacent region are favored), and education (those with higher education tend to have more such skills). These results underline the importance of developing digital skills among students in educational programs at all levels (not only in higher education) as well as among older employees as part of advanced training programs, while also increasing the availability of ICT infrastructure to households.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рынок труда</kwd><kwd>человеческий капитал</kwd><kwd>цифровизация</kwd><kwd>цифровая трансформация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>labor market</kwd><kwd>human capital</kwd><kwd>digitalization</kwd><kwd>digital transformation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared as part of the Basic Research Program of the NRU Higher School of Economics.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдрахманова Г. И., Баскакова О. Е., Вишневский К. О., Гохберг Л. М., Демьянова А. В., Ковалева Г. Г., Ковригина М. В., Рыжикова 3. А., Суслов А. Б., Токарева М. С., Туровец Ю. В., Утятина К. Е. Тенденции развития интернета в России и зарубежных странах. М.: НИУ ВШЭ, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdrakhmanova G. I., Baskakova O. E., Vishnevskiy K. O., Gokhberg L. M., Demianova A. V., Kovaleva G. G., Kovrigina M. V., Ryzhikova Z. A., Suslov A. B., Tokareva M. S., Turovets Ju. V., Utyatina K. E. Tendentsii razvitiya interneta v Rossii i zarubezhnykh stranakh [Internet Trends in Russia and Foreign Countries]. Moscow, NRU HSE, 2020. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдрахманова Г. И., Ванюшина М. Д., Вишневский К. О., Гохберг Л. М., Грибкова Д. Е., Демидкина О. В., Демьянова А. В., Ковалева Г. Г., Коцемир М. Н., Левен Е. И., Мильшина Ю. В., Павлова Д. А., Рудник П. Б., Рыжикова 3. А., Суслов А. Б., Утятина К. Е. Тенденции развития интернета: готовность экономики и общества к функционированию в цифровой среде. М.: НИУ ВШЭ, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdrakhmanova G. I., Vanyushina M. D., Vishnevskiy K. O., Gokhberg L. M., Gribkova D. E., Demidkina O. V., Demianova A. V., Kovaleva G. G., Kotsemir M. N., Leven E. I., Milshina Yu. V., Pavlova D. A., Rudnik P. B., Ryzhikova Z. A., Suslov A. B., Utyatina K. E. Tendentsii razvitiya interneta: gotovnost’ ekonomiki i obshchestva k funktsionirovaniyu v tsifrovoy srede [Internet Trends: Readiness of the Economy and Society to Function in a Digital Environment]. Moscow, NRU HSE, 2021. DOI: 10.17323/978-5-7598-2360-5. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдрахманова Г. И., Васильковский С. А., Вишневский К. О., Гохберг Л. М., Грибкова Д. Е., Демидкина О. В., Демьянова А. В., Дранев Ю. Я., Ковалева Г. Г., Левен Е. И., Мильшина Ю. В., Приворотская С. Г., Рыжикова З. А., Суслов А. Б., Туровец Ю. В., Утятина К. Е. Тенденции развития интернета: от цифровых возможностей к цифровой реальности. М.: НИУ ВШЭ, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdrakhmanova G. I., Vasilkovskij S. A., Vishnevskiy K. O., Gokhberg L. M., Gribkova D. E., Demidkina O. V., Demianova A. V., Dranev Yu. Ya., Kovaleva G. G., Leven E. I., Milshina Yu. V., Privorotskaya S. G., Ryzhikova Z. A., Suslov A. B., Turovets Ju. V., Utyatina K. E. Tendentsii razvitiya interneta: ot tsifrovykh vozmozhnostey k tsifrovoy real’nosti [Internet Trends: From Digital Opportunities to Digital Reality]. Moscow, NRU HSE, 2022. DOI: 10.17323/978-5-7598-2602-6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анищенко А. Н., Левина Е. В. Цифровая компетентность как основа конкурентоспособности работника на рынке труда агропромышленного комплекса в условиях киберэкономики // Экономика и социум: современные модели развития. 2020. Т. 10. № 3. С. 233–246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anishchenko A. N., Levina E.V. Tsifrovaya kompetentnost’ kak osnova konkurentosposobnosti rabotnika na rynke truda agropromyshlennogo kompleksa v usloviyakh kiberekonomiki [Digital Competence as the Basis of Employee Competitiveness in the Labor Market of the Agro-Industrial Complex in the Cyber Economy]. Ekonomika i sotsium: sovremennye modeli razvitiya [Economy and Society: Modern Models of Development], 2020, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 233-246. DOI: 10.18334/ecsoc.10.3.111143. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Василенко Н. В., Вахитова Л. Р. Адаптации к цифровой среде жизнедеятельности: формирование цифровых навыков // Формирование цифровой экономики и промышленности: новые вызовы. СПб.: СПбПУ, 2018. С. 135–156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilenko N. V., Vakhitova L. R. Adaptatsii k tsifrovoy srede zhiznedeyatel’nosti: formirovanie tsifrovykh navykov [Adaptation to the Digital Environment for Living: Formation of Digital Skills]. Formirovanie tsifrovoy ekonomiki i promyshlennosti: novye vyzovy [Formation of the Digital Economy and Industry: New Challenges]. Saint Peterburg, Publishing House of the Polytechnical University, 2018, pp. 135-156. DOI: 10.18720/IEP/2018.2/6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Толстых Т. О., Гамидуллаева Л. А., Шкарупета Е. В. Ключевые факторы развития промышленных предприятий в условиях индустрии 4.0 // Экономика промышленности. 2018. Т. 11. № 1. С. 11–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolstykh T. O., Gamidullayeva L. A., Shkarupeta E. V. Klyuchevye faktory razvitiya promyshlennykh predpriyatiy v usloviyakh industrii 4.0 [Key Factors of Industrial Enterprises Development in the Context of Industry 4.0. Industrial Economics]. Ekonomika promyshlennosti [Russian Journal of Industrial Economics], 2018, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 11-19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Robots and Jobs: Evidence From US Labor Markets // Journal of Political Economy. 2020. Vol. 128. No 6. P. 2188–2244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Robots and Jobs: Evidence From US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, 2020, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 2188-2244. https://doi.org/10.1086/705716.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonio A., Tuffley D. The Gender Digital Divide in Developing Countries // Future Internet. 2014. Vol. 6. No 4. P. 673–687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonio A., Tuffley D. The Gender Digital Divide in Developing Countries. Future Internet, 2014, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 673-687. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi6040673.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker G. S. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker G. S. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Chicago, University of Chicago, 1964.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvino F., Criscuoloi C., Marcolin L., Squicciarini M. A Taxonomy of Digital Intensive Sectors. Paris: OECD. Science, Technology and Industry Working Paper No 14. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1787/f404736a-en.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvino F., Criscuoloi C., Marcolin L., Squicciarini M. A Taxonomy of Digital Intensive Sectors. Paris, OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Working Paper no. 14, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1787/18151965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvo-Porral C., Pesqueira-Sanchez R. Generational Differences in Technology Behaviour: Comparing Millennials and Generation X // Kybernetes. 2020. Vol. 49. No 11. P. 2755– 2772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvo-Porral C., Pesqueira-Sanchez R. Generational Differences in Technology Behaviour: Comparing Millennials and Generation X. Kybernetes, 2020, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2755-2772. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2019-0598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charness N., Boot W. R. A Grand Challenge for Psychology: Reducing the Age-Related Digital Divide // Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2022. Vol. 31. No 2. P. 187–193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charness N., Boot W. R. A Grand Challenge for Psychology: Reducing the Age-Related Digital Divide. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2022, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211068144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleury S., Richit S. The End of the Digital Generation Gap // Journal of Ergonomics Studies and Research. 2023. Vol. 2. No 1. P. 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleury S., Richir S. The End of the Digital Generation Gap. Journal of Ergonomics Studies and Research, 2023, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fossen F., Sorgner A. Mapping the Future of Occupations: Transformative and Destructive Effects of New Digital Technologies on Jobs // Foresight and STI Governance. 2019. Vol. 13. No 2. P. 10–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fossen F., Sorgner A. Mapping the Future of Occupations: Transformative and Destructive Effects of New Digital Technologies on Jobs. Foresight and STI Governance, 2019, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 10-18. DOI: 10.17323/2500-2597.2019.2.10.18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinz J. Digital Skills and the Influence of Students’ Socio-Economic Background. An Exploratory Study in German Elementary Schools // Italian Journal of Sociology of Education. 2016. Vol. 8. No 8/2. P. 186–212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinz J. Digital Skills and the Influence of Students’ Socio-Economic Background. An Exploratory Study in German Elementary Schools. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2016, vol. 8, no. 8/2, pp. 186-212. DOI: 10.14658/PUPJ-IJSE-2016-2-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helsper E. J. Gendered Internet Use Across Generations and Life Stages // Communication Research. 2010. Vol. 37. No 3. P. 352–374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helsper E. J. Gendered Internet Use Across Generations and Life Stages. Communication Research, 2010, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 352-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209356439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilbert M. Digital Gender Divide or Technologically Empowered Women in Developing Countries? A Typical Case of Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics // Women’s Studies International Forum. 2011. Vol. 34. No 6. P. 479–489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilbert M. Digital Gender Divide or Technologically Empowered Women in Developing Countries? A Typical Case of Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics. Women,s Studies International Forum, 2011, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kane L. O., Narasimhan R., Nania J., Taska B. Digitalization in the German Labor Market: Analyzing Demand for Digital Skills in Job Vacancies. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-Stiftung, 2020. P. 1–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kane L. O., Narasimhan R., Nania J., Taska B. Digitalization in the German Labor Market: Analyzing Demand for Digital Skills in Job Vacancies. Gütersloh, Bertelsmann-Stiftung, 2020, pp. 1-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan F., Vuopala E. Digital Competence Assessment Across Generations: A Finnish Sample Using the Digcomp Framework // International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence. 2019. Vol. 10. No 2. P. 15–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan F., Vuopala E. Digital Competence Assessment Across Generations: A Finnish Sample Using the Digcomp Framework. International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence, 2019, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 15-28. DOI: 10.4018/IJDLDC.2019040102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palczyńska M., Rynko M. ICT Skills Measurement in Social Surveys: Can We Trust SelfReports? // Quality &amp; Quantity. 2021. Vol. 55. No 3. P. 917–943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palczyńska M., Rynko M. ICT Skills Measurement in Social Surveys: Can We Trust SelfReports? Quality &amp; Quantity, 2021, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 917-943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01031-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piroșcă G. I., Șerban-Oprescu G. L., Badea L., Stanef-Puică M.-R., Valdebenito C. R. Digitalization and Labor Market — A Perspective Within the Framework of Pandemic Crisis // Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. 2021. Vol. 16. No 7. P. 2843–2857.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piroșcă G. I., Șerban-Oprescu G. L., Badea L., Stanef-Puică M.-R., Valdebenito C.R. Digitalization and Labor Market - A Perspective Within the Framework of Pandemic Crisis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 2021, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 2843-2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richardson L., Bissell D. Geographies of Digital Skill // Geoforum. 2019. Vol. 99. P. 278– 286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richardson L., Bissell D. Geographies of Digital Skill. Geoforum, 2019, vol. 99, pp. 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.09.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schultz T. W. Investment in Human Capital // The American Economic Review. 1961. Vol. 51. No 1. P. 1–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schultz T. W. Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 1961, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 1-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapley L. S. A Value for N-person Games // Contributions to the Theory of Games (AM-28). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953. P. 307–317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapley L. S. A Value for N-person Games. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1953.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Laar E., Van Deursen A., Van Dijk J., De Haan J. Determinants of 21st-Century Digital Skills: A Large-Scale Survey Among Working Professionals // Computers in Human Behavior. 2019. Vol. 100. P. 93–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Laar E., Van Deursen A., Van Dijk J., De Haan J. Determinants of 21st-Century Digital Skills: A Large-Scale Survey Among Working Professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 2019, vol. 100, pp. 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
