<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2023-5-100-121</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ретро-бонус как инструмент стратегического взаимодействия на розничном рынке: модель и свидетельства для России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Retro Payment as a Technique in Retail Market Strategy: A Model and Data From Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-6388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хомик</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khomik</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хомик Олеся Сергеевна - кандидат экономических наук, старший эксперт Института анализа предприятий и рынков.</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский бул., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesya S. Khomik - Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Lead Еxpert at the Institute for Industrial and Market Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics.</p><p>11, Pokrovskiy bul., Moscow, 109028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ohomic@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1322-0793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсупова</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusupova</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юсупова Гюзель Фатеховна - кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института анализа предприятий и рынков.</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский бул., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gyuzel F. Yusupova - Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Industrial and Market Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics.</p><p>11, Pokrovskiy bul., Moscow, 109028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">GYusupova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хомик О.С., Юсупова Г.Ф., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хомик О.С., Юсупова Г.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khomik O.S., Yusupova G.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/21">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/21</self-uri><abstract><p>Взаимодействие ретейлеров и производителей является комплексным процессом, который предполагает использование различных инструментов стимулирования сбыта, в том числе ретро-бонусов. В России вместе с принятием Федерального закона «Об основах государственного регулирования торговой деятельности в Российской Федерации» от 28.12.2009 № 381-ФЗ с последующим его обновлением в 2016 году действуют специфические отраслевые ограничения на размер ретро-бонуса, долю торговых сетей на рынке, сроки оплаты поставщикам и процесс отбора контрагентов, которые до сих пор были предметом в основном описательного анализа. Особенность разработанной модели в настоящей статье — это рассмотрение сравнительной статики комбинаций стратегических переменных, которые ретейлер определяет одновременно. Изменение цены закупки будет сопровождаться одновременным изменением и ставки фронт-маржи, и ставки ретро-бонуса. Аналогично изменение ставки ретро-бонуса (в результате изменения параметров спроса и государственного регулирования) будет сопровождаться одновременным изменением и фронт-маржи, и спроса на брендированный товар (следовательно, цены закупки), и цен на брендированный товар и на товар собственной торговой марки. Размер ретро-бонуса, с одной стороны, является драйвером прибыли с каждой проданной единицы брендированного товара, а с другой — мотивирует ретейлера замещать товар собственной торговой марки брендированным товаром. Ограничение ставки ретро-бонуса приводит к росту фронт-маржи, которая необходима ретейлеру для поддержания уровня прибыли с каждой проданной единицы. В статье сформулированы рекомендации для развития регулирования в отрасли. С нашей точки зрения, важно исключить точечные воздействия на инструменты, используемые сторонами сделки, и далее фокусироваться на поддержании справедливой конкуренции, то есть равных условий для всех участников рынка.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Retailers and manufacturers engage in complex interactions that incorporate various techniques for stimulating demand. Retro payments or rebates are one such technique that is used very intensively in Russia. The regulatory regime in Russia is quite unique in having a separate commercial law regulating the interaction of the various parties involved. The Law on Trade (introduced in 2010 and updated in 2016) limits the amount of the retro payments for retailers, caps the market share of a retailer in a given region, specifies payment terms, and places specific requirements on how counterparties are to be chosen. The main idea behind the model developed in this article is to consider the comparative statics for combinations of strategic variables, which the retailer identifies at a given time. A change in the wholesale price will trigger a simultaneous change in both the front margin and the retro payment. Likewise, a change in the retro payment (due either to changing demand or government regulation) will prompt simultaneous changes in both the front margin and in demand for a branded product (and ultimately in retail prices), as well as in the price for branded products and for a retailer’s private label goods. The amount of retro payment is both a driver of profit for each unit of a branded product sold and also an incentive for the retailer to replace a private label product with an externally branded one. Limiting the amount of retro payments will cause a corresponding increase in the front margin which is needed by the retailer to maintain the same profit on each sale. Based on the results of the model, the authors recommend that direct limitation of any techniques used in commercial transactions be avoided and that regulatory efforts be aimed at ensuring fair competition, that is, equal conditions for all market participants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вертикальная интеграция</kwd><kwd>контракты</kwd><kwd>фронт-маржа</kwd><kwd>розничная торговля</kwd><kwd>Закон о торговле</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>retro payment rate</kwd><kwd>front margin rate</kwd><kwd>retail trade</kwd><kwd>Trade law</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». Выражаем благодарность С.Б. Авдашевой, доктору экономических наук, профессору, руководителю департамента прикладной экономики факультета экономических наук НИУ ВШЭ, за плодотворное обсуждение и ценные комментарии.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article has been prepared as part of the Fundamental Research Program of the NRU HSE. We are grateful to Doctor Svetlana B. Avdasheva, Professor Faculty of Economic Science, Department of Applied Economics NRU HSE, for enlightening discussions and valuable comments.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агамирова М. Е., Дзагурова Н. Б. Подходы к классификации вертикальных ограничивающих соглашений // Современная конкуренция. 2014. № 6(48). C. 20–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agamirova M. E., Dzagurova N. B. Podkhody k klassifikatsii vertikal’nykh ogranichivayushchikh soglasheniy [Types of Vertical Restraints on Agreements and Their Classification Criteria]. Sovremennaya konkurentsiya [Journal of Modern Competition], 2014, no. 6(48), pp. 20-30. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агамирова М. Е., Дзагурова Н. Б. Правомерность вертикальных ограничивающих соглашений с позиции «взвешенного подхода» и характер специфических инвестиций // Экономическая политика. 2016. Т. 11. № 6. C. 122–137. DOI:10.18288/1994-5124-2016-6-06.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agamirova M. E., Dzagurova N. B. Pravomernost’ vertikal’nykh ogranichivayushchikh soglasheniy s pozitsii «vzveshennogo podkhoda» i kharakter spetsificheskikh investitsiy [The Legality of Vertical Restraints on Agreements in Keeping With a Balanced Approach and Rule of Reason and the Character of Particular Investments]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2016, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 122-137. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Даугавет Д. Рыночная власть торговых сетей: что изменил закон о торговле // Экономическая политика. 2011. № 4. C. 80–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daugavet D. Rynochnaya vlast’ torgovykh setey: chto izmenil zakon o torgovle [The Market Power of Retail Chains: What Has the Law on Trade Changed?]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2011, no. 4, pp. 80-95. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дзагурова Н. Б., Агамирова М. Е. Критерии разграничения эгоистических и кооперативных специфических инвестиций // Журнал институциональных исследований. 2014. Т. 6. № 4. C. 65–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzagurova N. B., Agamirova M. E. Kriterii razgranicheniya egoisticheskikh i kooperativnykh spetsificheskikh investitsiy [Criteria for Distinguishing Between Selfish and Cooperative Specific Investments]. Zhurnal institutsional’nykh issledovaniy [Journal of Institutional Studies], 2014, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 65-76. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков В. В. Qui Prodest? (непредвиденные последствия реализации проекта закона о торговле) // Экономическая политика. 2009. № 4. C. 190–199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov V. V. Qui Prodest? (nepredvidennye posledstviya realizatsii proekta zakona o torgovle) [Qui Prodest? (Unforeseen Consequences of Implementing the Draft Law on Trade)]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2009, no. 4, pp. 190-199. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. Время покажет? Среднесрочные эффекты применения Закона о торговле // Экономическая политика. 2014. № 5. С. 75–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V. Vremya pokazhet? Srednesrochnye effekty primeneniya Zakona o torgovle [What Happens Over Time? The Mid-Term Effects of the Law on Trade]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2014, no. 5, pp. 75-90. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. Государственное регулирование деятельности торговых сетей: основы и противоречия. Аналитика ЛЭСИ. М.: Изд. дом НИУ ВШЭ, 2011a. Вып. 8. C. 8–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie deyatel’nosti torgovykh setey: osnovy i protivorechiya. Analitika LESI [State Regulation of Retail Chains: Fundamentals and Contradictions. LESI Analitics]. Moscow, Izd. dom NRU HSE, 2011a, iss. 8, pp. 8-71. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. К оценке регулирующего воздействия Закона о торговле: накапливаются ли эффекты // Экономическая политика. 2018. Т. 13. № 3. С. 28–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V. K otsenke reguliruyushchego vozdeystviya Zakona o torgovle: nakaplivayutsya li effekty [One More Regulatory Impact Assessment of the Law on Trade: Are There Cumulative Effects over Time?]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2018, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 28-61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. Как обосновать введение новых правил обмена на рынках // Вопросы экономики. 2011b. № 3. C. 104–123. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-3-104-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V. Kak obosnovat’ vvedenie novykh pravil obmena na rynkakh [How the New Rules of Exchange on Markets Are Justified]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2011b, no. 3, pp. 104-123. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. Что изменил Закон о торговле: количественный анализ // Экономическая политика. 2012. № 1. C. 118–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V. Chto izmenil Zakon o torgovle: kolichestvennyy analiz [What Does the Law on Trade Change? A Quantitative Analysis]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2012, no. 1, pp. 118-140. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В., Котельникова З. В., Маркин М. Е. Развитие российского ретейла: меры государственного регулирования и их последствия (закон о торговле в зеркале исследований). Аналитика ЛЭСИ. Вып. 4. М.: Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. V., Kotelnikova Z. V., Markin M. E. Razvitie rossiyskogo riteyla: mery gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya i ikh posledstviya (zakon o torgovle v zerkale issledovaniy) [The Development of Russian Retail: State Regulations and Their Consequences (The Law on Trade in the Mirror of Research)]. Moscow, Izd. dom NRU HSE, 2009. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Accent, Vertical Restraints: New Evidence From a Business Survey. Oxera Consulting, L. L. P. Prepared for the Competition and Markets Authority. 2016. March.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Accent, Vertical Restraints: New Evidence From a Business Survey. Oxera Consulting, L. L. P. Prepared for the Competition and Markets Authority (24 March 2016).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonnet C., Dubois P., Villas Boas S. B., Klapper D. Empirical Evidence on the Role of Nonlinear Wholesale Pricing and Vertical Restraints on Cost Pass-Through // Review of Economics and Statistics. 2013. Vol. 95. No 2. P. 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonnet C., Dubois P., Villas Boas S. B., Klapper D. Empirical Evidence on the Role of Nonlinear Wholesale Pricing and Vertical Restraints on Cost Pass-Through. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2013, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 500-515. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fadairo M., Yu J., Lanchimba C. The Choice of Exclusive Dealing: Economic Rationales and Evidence From French Retail Chains // Journal of Retailing. 2017. Vol. 93. No 3. P. 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2017.04.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fadairo M., Yu J., Lanchimba C. The Choice of Exclusive Dealing: Economic Rationales and Evidence From French Retail Chains. Journal of Retailing, 2017, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2017.04.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González X. Empirical Regularities in the Vertical Restraints of Manufacturing Firms // Atlantic Economic Journal. 2015. No 43. P. 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-015-9452-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González X. Empirical Regularities in the Vertical Restraints of Manufacturing Firms. Atlantic Economic Journal, 2015, no. 43, pp. 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-015-9452-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hajdini I., Windsperger J. Contractual Restraints and Performance in Franchise Networks // Industrial Marketing Management. 2019. Vol. 82. P. 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.02.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hajdini I., Windsperger J. Contractual Restraints and Performance in Franchise Networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 2019, vol. 82, pp. 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.02.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haucap J., Heimeshoff U., Klein G. J., Rickert D., Wey C. Vertical Relations, Pass-Through, and Market Definition: Evidence From Grocery Retailing // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 2021. Vol. 74. 102693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2020.102693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haucap J., Heimeshoff U., Klein G. J., Rickert D., Wey C. Vertical Relations, Pass-Through, and Market Definition: Evidence From Grocery Retailing. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2021, vol. 74, 102693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2020.102693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein B., Wright J. D. The Economics of Slotting Contracts // The Journal of Law and Economics. 2007. Vol. 50. No 3. P. 421–454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein B., Wright J. D. The Economics of Slotting Contracts. The Journal of Law and Economics, 2007, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 421-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radaev V. A Rise of State Activism in a Competitive Industry: The Case of Russian Retail Trade Law of 2009 // Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 2018. Vol. 51. No 1. P. 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.01.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. A Rise of State Activism in a Competitive Industry: The Case of Russian Retail Trade Law of 2009. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2018, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.01.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao P., Chen X. J., Chen Y., Lu W. Violation Behaviour in Vertical Restraint: Empirical Analyses in the Case of Retail Price Maintenance // International Journal of Research in Marketing. 2021. Vol. 38. No 4. P. 953–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao P., Chen X. J., Chen Y., Lu W. Violation Behaviour in Vertical Restraint: Empirical Analyses in the Case of Retail Price Maintenance. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 2021, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 953-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
