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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2023-3-8-45</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-29</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИНАНСОВЫЕ РЫНКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инвестирование пенсионных накоплений в России: результаты и уроки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Investing Pension Savings in Russia: Results and Lessons for the Future</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-9115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramov</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Евгеньевич Абрамов, Кандидат экономических наук, заведующий Лабораторией анализа институтов и финансовых рынков Института прикладных экономических исследований,</p><p>117517, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander E. Abramov, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), </p><p>82, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abramov-ae@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-1820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernova</surname><given-names>Maria I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Игоревна Чернова, Старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории анализа институтов и финансовых рынков Института прикладных экономических исследований,</p><p>117517, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria I. Chernova, Senior Researcher,</p><p>82, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chernova-mi@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РАНХиГС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абрамов А.Е., Чернова М.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абрамов А.Е., Чернова М.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abramov A.E., Chernova M.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/29">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/29</self-uri><abstract><p>Система обязательных пенсионных накоплений (ОПН) в России появилась в 2002 году, а в 2022 году Минфин выступил с инициативой ее трансформации в добровольные пенсионные планы. За столь короткий с точки зрения жизненного цикла людей срок проведения пенсионной реформы ОПН вряд ли могли в полной мере проявить свой потенциал по увеличению размеров пенсионных выплат будущих пенсионеров. Для этого необходимо соблюдение стабильных правил игры на временнoм горизонте 40 лет накопления и 20 лет последующих выплат. За короткое время своего существования система ОПН столкнулась с рядом других препятствий. Выбранная государством стратегия приоритетного повышения благосостояния пенсионеров в итоге приводила к введению всё новых и новых ограничений в параметрах накопительной пенсии, сокращению круга застрахованных лиц и перераспределению социальных взносов в пользу страховой пенсии. Множество проблем возникало в администрировании накопительной пенсии и согласовании действий различных государственных ведомств, занимавшихся ее регулированием. Существенными оказались проблемы низкой эффективности инвестирования пенсионных накоплений. Доходность портфелей пенсионных накоплений в негосударственных пенсионных фондах и портфелей под управлением Государственной управляющей компании (ГУК) оказалась ниже накопленной инфляции на долгосрочном горизонте. Однако по показателю чистой доходности портфели НПФ существенно проигрывали не только инфляции, но и доходности портфелей под управлением ГУК. Активное управление портфелями также имело отрицательный вклад в виде потери средней доходности в размере 2,26% в год, в то время как основную доходность приносил выбор стратегии распределения активов. Нерациональность структуры распределения накопительных портфелей проявляется в малом весе активов с бóльшим риском, но и большей доходностью. На основании анализа выявленных проблем сформулированы базовые предложения для будущей системы пенсионных сбережений. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A mandatory savings pillar was added to the Russian pension system in 2002, but by 2022 the Ministry of Finance terminated it and transformed it into voluntary pension savings. Because it was in effect for much less time than the typical life-cycle horizon, mandatory pension savings never had a chance to show its potential for increasing the pension benefits of future pensioners. The successful implementation of a mandatory savings pillar requires that general rules and regulation remain stable over at least a 40-year time horizon for the accumulation phase and a 20-year time horizon for the decumulation or payout phase. In addition to the brevity of its existence, the mandatory savings pillar also faced several other obstacles. The state prioritized the welfare of existing pensioners, and this bias eventually led to the introduction of more and more restrictions on the pension savings pillar and its coverage. Many problems arose in the administration of pension savings and in coordinating the actions of various government departments involved in its regulation. Low investment efficiency for pension savings, irrational asset allocation in non-state pension funds’ portfolios, and poor active management decisions were among other issues. Based on the problems outlined, the authors have formulated basic proposals for the future of the pension savings system.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>негосударственные пенсионные фонды</kwd><kwd>пенсия</kwd><kwd>обязательные пенсионные накопления</kwd><kwd>коэффициент замещения утраченного заработка</kwd><kwd>портфели пенсионных накоплений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-state pension fund</kwd><kwd>pension</kwd><kwd>mandatory pension savings</kwd><kwd>replacement rate</kwd><kwd>pension savings portfolios</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамов А. Е., Радыгин А. Д., Чернова М. И., Акшенцева К. С. Эффективность управления пенсионными накоплениями: теоретический подход и эмпирический анализ // Вопросы экономики. 2015. № 7. C. 26–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramov A. E., Radygin A. 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