<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2025-2-6-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Макроэкономика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Macroeconomics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможность ослабления ограничений трилеммы макроэкономической политики в современных условиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On Some Ways to Mitigate the Macroeconomic Policy Trilemma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голотвин</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golotvin</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Данилович Голотвин, аналитик  </p><p>123112, Москва, Пресненская наб., 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai D. Golotvin, Master’s Degree Student, Faculty of Economic Sciences; Analyst</p><p>11, Pokrovskiy bul., Moscow, 109028 </p><p>10, Presnenskaya nab., Moscow, 123112 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ngolotvin@rencap.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2856-9867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серегина</surname><given-names>С. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seregina</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Федоровна Серегина, Доктор экономических наук, профессор департамента теоретической экономики факультета экономических наук</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский бул., 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana F. Seregina, Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Professor of the Department of Theoretical Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences</p><p>11, Pokrovskiy bul., Moscow, 109028 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sseregina@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Renaissance Capital</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics ; Renaissance Capital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голотвин Н.Д., Серегина С.Ф., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голотвин Н.Д., Серегина С.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golotvin N.D., Seregina S.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/306">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/306</self-uri><abstract><p>Выбор целей в открытой экономике ограничен условиями трилеммы макроэкономической политики: из трех целей — стабильность валютного курса, независимость монетарной политики и свобода движения капитала — одновременно могут быть реализованы только две. Актуальность ограничений трилеммы уже более шестидесяти лет подтверждается теорией и практикой экономической политики. В то же время центральные банки, сталкиваясь с необходимостью компромисса, пытаются найти способы ослабления этих ограничений. В литературе предлагались различные инструменты и механизмы, позволяющие снизить их жесткость и расширить возможности центральных банков в реализации трех обозначенных целей, что было особенно актуально для развивающихся стран. Предлагавшиеся инструменты демонстрировали свою работоспособность в период до мирового финансового кризиса, однако в современных условиях они утрачивают свою эффективность, что может быть обусловлено изменением тенденций в развитии мировой экономики, связанных с движением капитала, стабильностью валютных курсов, а также динамикой долга. В работе представлены результаты проверки работоспособности наиболее известных инструментов ослабления ограничений трилеммы, таких как накопление значительных валютных резервов и валютные интервенции монетарных властей, частично заменяющие контроль за движением капитала. Предлагается рассмотреть новый механизм, основанный на соотношении краткосрочного внешнего долга и валютных резервов страны. Показано, что снижение соотношения долга и резервов позволяет ослабить жесткость ограничений трилеммы и добиться большей степени реализации целей макроэкономической политики, что подтверждается на данных по развивающимся странам в период после финансового кризиса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The choice of a macroeconomic policy in an open economy is constrained by a trilemma in which only two of the following three policy goals can be achieved at the same time: exchange rate stability, monetary independence, and capital mobility. The constraints on economic policy imposed by this trilemma have been confirmed in both theory and practice for more than sixty years. Central banks are nevertheless forced to seek some compromise that will relax those constraints. The economic literature has proposed various tools and mechanisms for making them less rigid and facilitating central banks in reaching their policy goals, an especially urgent concern for developing countries. The tools that have been offered were effective before the global financial crisis, but this study shows that they have now lost their usefulness because global economic trends linked to capital flows, exchange rate stability, and debt dynamics have changed. The paper assesses the effectiveness of the best-known instruments for easing the trilemma, such as accumulating large foreign exchange reserves and foreign exchange interventions by monetary authorities that partially substitute for capital controls. A new approach based on the ratio of short-term external public debt to a country’s foreign exchange reserves is proposed. The conclusion is that decreasing the ratio of debt to reserves makes the restrictions imposed by the trilemma less harsh and also enables fuller realization of macroeconomic policy goals, an outcome confirmed by data from developing economies after the financial crisis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>развивающиеся страны</kwd><kwd>внешний долг</kwd><kwd>международные резервы</kwd><kwd>валютные интервенции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>developing countries</kwd><kwd>external debt</kwd><kwd>international reserves</kwd><kwd>foreign exchange interventions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was produced as part of a research project under the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afonso A., Huart F., Jalles J. T., Stanek P. International Transmission of Interest Rates: The Role of International Reserves and Sovereign Debt. EconPol, Working Paper no. 54, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afonso A., Huart F., Jalles J. T., Stanek P. International Transmission of Interest Rates: The Role of International Reserves and Sovereign Debt. EconPol, Working Paper no. 54, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J. International Reserves, Exchange Rates, and Monetary Policy: From the Trilemma to the Quadrilemma. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J. International Reserves, Exchange Rates, and Monetary Policy: From the Trilemma to the Quadrilemma. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J. The Impossible Trinity - From the Policy Trilemma to the Policy Quadrilemma. University of California, Economics Department, Working Paper no. 678, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J. The Impossible Trinity - From the Policy Trilemma to the Policy Quadrilemma. University of California, Economics Department, Working Paper no. 678, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Assessing the Emerging Global Financial Architecture: Measuring the Trilemma’s Configurations Over Time. NBER, Working Paper No w14533, 2008. DOI: 10.3386/w14533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Assessing the Emerging Global Financial Architecture: Measuring the Trilemma’s Configurations Over Time. NBER, Working Paper No w14533, 2008. DOI: 10.3386/w14533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Monetary Policy Spillovers and the Trilemma in the New Normal: Periphery Country Sensitivity to Core Country Conditions. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2016, vol. 68, pp. 298-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2016.02.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Monetary Policy Spillovers and the Trilemma in the New Normal: Periphery Country Sensitivity to Core Country Conditions. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2016, vol. 68, pp. 298-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2016.02.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Surfing the Waves of Globalization: Asia and Financial Globalization in the Context of the Trilemma. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 2011, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 290-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2011.06.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. Surfing the Waves of Globalization: Asia and Financial Globalization in the Context of the Trilemma. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 2011, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 290-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2011.06.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. The Emerging Global Financial Architecture: Tracing and Evaluating New Patterns of the Trilemma Configuration. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2010, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 615-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.01.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. The Emerging Global Financial Architecture: Tracing and Evaluating New Patterns of the Trilemma Configuration. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2010, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 615-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.01.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. The “Impossible Trinity” Hypothesis in an Era of Global Imbalances: Measurement and Testing. Review of International Economics, 2013a, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 447-458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Chinn M. D., Ito H. The “Impossible Trinity” Hypothesis in an Era of Global Imbalances: Measurement and Testing. Review of International Economics, 2013a, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 447-458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Jinjarak Y., Park D. Capital Flows and Economic Growth in the Era of Financial Integration and Crisis, 1990-2010. Open Economies Review, 2013b, vol. 24, pp. 371-396. DOI: 10.1007/s11079-012-9247-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Jinjarak Y., Park D. Capital Flows and Economic Growth in the Era of Financial Integration and Crisis, 1990-2010. Open Economies Review, 2013b, vol. 24, pp. 371-396. DOI: 10.1007/s11079-012-9247-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Marion N. International Reserve Holdings With Sovereign Risk and Costly Tax Collection. The Economic Journal, 2004, vol. 114, no. 497, pp. 569-591. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00232.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Marion N. International Reserve Holdings With Sovereign Risk and Costly Tax Collection. The Economic Journal, 2004, vol. 114, no. 497, pp. 569-591. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00232.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Board F. S. US Dollar Funding and Emerging Market Economy Vulnerabilities. Basel, Financial Stability Board, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Board F. S. US Dollar Funding and Emerging Market Economy Vulnerabilities. Basel, Financial Stability Board, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Monetary Policy in Russia: Recent Challenges and Changes. BIS, Working Papers no. 78, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Monetary Policy in Russia: Recent Challenges and Changes. BIS, Working Papers no. 78, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chinn M. D., Ito H. A New Measure of Financial Openness. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 2008, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 309-322. DOI: 10.1080/13876980802231123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chinn M. D., Ito H. A New Measure of Financial Openness. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 2008, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 309-322. DOI: 10.1080/13876980802231123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dornbusch R. Exchange Rate Expectations and Monetary Policy. Journal of International Economics, 1976, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 231-244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dornbusch R. Exchange Rate Expectations and Monetary Policy. Journal of International Economics, 1976, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 231-244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edwards S. How Effective Are Capital Controls? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1999, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 65-84. DOI: 10.1257/jep.13.4.65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edwards S. How Effective Are Capital Controls? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1999, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 65-84. DOI: 10.1257/jep.13.4.65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallagher K. P. Ruling Capital: Emerging Markets and the Reregulation of Cross-Border Finance. Cornell, Cornell University Press, 2014. DOI: 10.7591/9780801454615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallagher K. P. Ruling Capital: Emerging Markets and the Reregulation of Cross-Border Finance. Cornell, Cornell University Press, 2014. DOI: 10.7591/9780801454615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glick R., Hutchison M. Navigating the Trilemma: Capital Flows and Monetary Policy in China. Journal of Asian Economics, 2009, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 205-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2009.02.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glick R., Hutchison M. Navigating the Trilemma: Capital Flows and Monetary Policy in China. Journal of Asian Economics, 2009, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 205-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2009.02.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han X., Wei S. J. International Transmissions of Monetary Shocks: Between a Trilemma and a Dilemma. Journal of International Economics, 2018, vol. 110, pp. 205-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.11.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han X., Wei S. J. International Transmissions of Monetary Shocks: Between a Trilemma and a Dilemma. Journal of International Economics, 2018, vol. 110, pp. 205-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.11.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Debt Report 2023. Washington, DC, The World Bank, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Debt Report 2023. Washington, DC, The World Bank, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein M. W., Shambaugh J. C. Rounding the Corners of the Policy Trilemma: Sources of Monetary Policy Autonomy. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2015, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 33-66. DOI: 10.1257/mac.20130237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein M. W., Shambaugh J. C. Rounding the Corners of the Policy Trilemma: Sources of Monetary Policy Autonomy. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2015, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 33-66. DOI: 10.1257/mac.20130237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane P. R., Milesi-Ferretti G. M. The External Wealth of Nations Mark II: Revised and Extended Estimates of Foreign Assets and Liabilities, 1970-2004. Journal of International Economics, 2007, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 223-250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane P. R., Milesi-Ferretti G. M. The External Wealth of Nations Mark II: Revised and Extended Estimates of Foreign Assets and Liabilities, 1970-2004. Journal of International Economics, 2007, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 223-250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ligonniere S. Trilemma, Dilemma and Global Players. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2018, vol. 85, pp. 20-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2018.03.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligonniere S. Trilemma, Dilemma and Global Players. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2018, vol. 85, pp. 20-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2018.03.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansour L. The Power of International Reserves: The Impossible Trinity Becomes Possible. GATE, Working Papers no. wp1420, 2014. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2477342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansour L. The Power of International Reserves: The Impossible Trinity Becomes Possible. GATE, Working Papers no. wp1420, 2014. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2477342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mundell R. A. Capital Mobility and Stabilization Policy Under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1963, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 475-485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mundell R. A. Capital Mobility and Stabilization Policy Under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1963, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 475-485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mundell R. A. Flexible Exchange Rates and Employment Policy. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1961, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 509-517.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mundell R. A. Flexible Exchange Rates and Employment Policy. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1961, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 509-517.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obstfeld M. Trilemmas and Tradeoffs: Living With Financial Globalization. BIS, Working Papers no. 480, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obstfeld M. Trilemmas and Tradeoffs: Living With Financial Globalization. BIS, Working Papers no. 480, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obstfeld M., Taylor A. M. International Monetary Relations: Taking Finance Seriously. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2017, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 3-28. DOI: 10.1257/jep.31.3.3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obstfeld M., Taylor A. M. International Monetary Relations: Taking Finance Seriously. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2017, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 3-28. DOI: 10.1257/jep.31.3.3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obstfeld M., Zhou H. The Global Dollar Cycle. NBER, Working Paper no. w31004, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obstfeld M., Zhou H. The Global Dollar Cycle. NBER, Working Paper no. w31004, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park D., Ramayandi A., Tian S. Debt Buildup And Currency Vulnerability: Evidence From Global Markets. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2022, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2017-2035. DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2021.1949982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park D., Ramayandi A., Tian S. Debt Buildup And Currency Vulnerability: Evidence From Global Markets. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2022, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2017-2035. DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2021.1949982.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhart C. M., Ohnsorge F. L., Rogoff K. S., Kose M. A. The Aftermath of Debt Surges. Annual Review of Economics, 2022, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 637-663. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-051420-015343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhart C. M., Ohnsorge F. L., Rogoff K. S., Kose M. A. The Aftermath of Debt Surges. Annual Review of Economics, 2022, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 637-663. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-051420-015343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rey H. Dilemma Not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence. NBER, Working Paper no. w21162, 2015. DOI: 10.3386/w21162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rey H. Dilemma Not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence. NBER, Working Paper no. w21162, 2015. DOI: 10.3386/w21162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ricci M. L. A., Shi W. Trilemma or Dilemma: Inspecting the Heterogeneous Response of Local Currency Interest Rates to Foreign Rates. International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers 2016/075, 2016. DOI: 10.5089/9781475522921.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ricci M. L. A., Shi W. Trilemma or Dilemma: Inspecting the Heterogeneous Response of Local Currency Interest Rates to Foreign Rates. International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers 2016/075, 2016. DOI: 10.5089/9781475522921.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosero L. D. Easing the Trilemma Through Reserve Accumulation? The Latin American Case. In: The Political Economy of International Finance in an Age of Inequality. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, pp. 106-134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosero L. D. Easing the Trilemma Through Reserve Accumulation? The Latin American Case. In: The Political Economy of International Finance in an Age of Inequality. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, pp. 106-134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoenmaker D. Governance of International Banking: The Financial Trilemma. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971596.001.0001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoenmaker D. Governance of International Banking: The Financial Trilemma. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971596.001.0001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheel A. A Monetary Policy Rule for Emerging Market Economies: The Impossible Trinity and the Taylor Rule. Economic and Political Weekly, 2014, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 39-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheel A. A Monetary Policy Rule for Emerging Market Economies: The Impossible Trinity and the Taylor Rule. Economic and Political Weekly, 2014, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 39-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steiner A. Central Banks and Macroeconomic Policy Choices: Relaxing the Trilemma. Journal of Banking &amp; Finance, 2017, vol. 77, pp. 283-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.07.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steiner A. Central Banks and Macroeconomic Policy Choices: Relaxing the Trilemma. Journal of Banking &amp; Finance, 2017, vol. 77, pp. 283-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.07.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
