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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2022-6-112-139</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-49</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИНАНСОВЫЕ РЫНКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Автоматический маркет-мейкер — альтернатива традиционным биржевым моделям?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Is an Automated Market Maker an Alternative to Fiat Trading Protocols?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майоров</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayorov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Игоревич Майоров, кандидат экономических наук, заместитель директора департамента стратегии и международного развития</p><p>125009, Москва, Большой Кисловский пер., 13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei I. Mayorov, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Deputy Director, Department of Strategy and International Development</p><p>13, Bol’shoy Kislovskiy per., Moscow, 125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergei.mayorov@moex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московская Биржа</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Exchange</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Майоров С.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Майоров С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mayorov S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/49">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/49</self-uri><abstract><p>Автоматический маркет-мейкер (automated market maker, AMM) — относительно новый способ заключения сделок с финансовыми инструментами, в настоящее время применяемый некоторыми децентрализованными криптовалютными биржами. От традиционных маркетмейкеров AMM отличается тем, что, во-первых, он лишен субъектности, так как реализован как смарт-контракт, и, во-вторых, пул ликвидности, на который опирается AMM, совместно формируется инвесторами, а не отдельными участниками рынка в одиночку. Цель статьи — попытка ответа на вопросы о применимости AMM к традиционным финансовым рынкам и (в случае применимости) о том, какой технологией — поддерживающей или подрывной в соответствии с известной «дилеммой инноватора» — он способен стать. В статье обосновывается актуальность такой постановки задачи; анализируются основные мотивы использовать AMM, этот механизм сравнивается с традиционными моделями биржевых торгов (непрерывным аукционом и др.); описываются алгоритмические особенности AMM; приводится типология AMM в зависимости от выбранной функции состояния пула ликвидности; рассматриваются взаимодействие ценообразования в AMM с рыночным ценообразованием и роль арбитража; классифицируются основные проблемы для трейдеров (проскальзывание цен и различные манипулятивные практики) и для инвесторов — участников пула ликвидности (прямые и неявные потери, в том числе из-за уязвимости смарт-контрактов). В статье выдвигается предположение, что в ближайшее время модель вряд ли применима на традиционных финансовых рынках из-за присущих ей проблем. Однако в более отдаленной перспективе не исключено, что могут сложиться условия (хотя и с неизвестной вероятностью), когда идея AMM в том или ином виде сможет найти заинтересованный отклик за пределами криптовалютного рынка в качестве поддерживающей или даже подрывной технологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An automated market maker (AMM) is a relatively new trading protocol that is currently used by some decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges (DEX). An AMM differs from traditional market makers by being “depersonalized” because it is simply a smart contract that taps into an underlying liquidity pool (LP) which is the common property of participating investors rather than in the inventory of a single market maker. The article considers the applicability of AMMs to traditional (fiat) financial markets and, if applicable, whether AMMs might operate as a “sustaining” or “disruptive” technology as defined in The Innovator’s Dilemma. The article begins by showing the validity of taking up such questions, outlines the underlying motivations for moving to an AMM, and argues that AMMs present a challenge to the traditional financial infrastructure and to continuous matching of buyers and sellers via a central limit order book (CLOB) as a predominant trading protocol. AMM structure and algorithms are described, and various AMM models are classified according to their indifference curve design. How AMM pricing relates to market pricing and how arbitrage helps in reaching alignment are then examined together with related problems for traders (slippage, frontrunning, rug pull) and for the investors participating in an LP (impermanent loss, the vulnerability of smart contracts). The article then proposes that, in the near term, AMMs have problems that make their application to traditional markets unlikely. However, in the medium term and provided that certain necessary conditions are met, AMMs in some form may prompt interest outside cryptocurrency markets as a sustaining or even disruptive technology.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровые активы</kwd><kwd>криптовалютные биржи</kwd><kwd>рынок капитала</kwd><kwd>микроструктура рынка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital assets</kwd><kwd>cryptocurrency exchanges</kwd><kwd>capital market</kwd><kwd>market microstructure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гребенкина А., Зубарев А. Перспективы использования смарт-контрактов в финансовой сфере // Экономическое развитие России. 2018. Т. 25. № 12. С. 32–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grebenkina A. M., Zubarev A. V. 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