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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2023-2-44-79</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGIONAL ECONOMY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Санкции, уход иностранных компаний и деловая активность в регионах России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sanctions, Exit of Foreign Companies and Business Activity in the Russian Regions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Земцов</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemtsov</surname><given-names>Stepan P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степан Петрович Земцов, Директор Центра экономической географии и регионалистики ИПЭИ РАНХиГС,</p><p>117517, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan P. Zemtsov, Director of the Center for Economic Geography and Regional Studies at IPEI RANEPA,</p><p>82, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 117517.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zemtsov@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-4683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баринова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barinova</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вера Александровна Баринова, Заведующий лабораторией исследований проблем устойчивого развития ИПЭИ РАНХиГС,</p><p>117517, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vera A. Barinova, Head Laboratory for Research on Sustainable Development at IPEI RANEPA,</p><p>82, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 117517.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Barinova-va@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-2683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Александрович Михайлов, Научный сотрудник Центра экономической географии и регионалистики ИПЭИ РАНХиГС,</p><p>117517, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Mikhailov, Research Fellow, Center for Economic Geography and Regional Studies at IPEI RANEPA,</p><p>82, pr. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 117517.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikhaylov-aa@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская Академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Земцов С.П., Баринова В.А., Михайлов А.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Земцов С.П., Баринова В.А., Михайлов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zemtsov S.P., Barinova V.A., Mikhailov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/58">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/58</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на ограничение доступных для предпринимателей рынков и разрыв цепочек поставок, значения многих индикаторов деловой активности в России в 2022 году не снизились. При этом различия между регионами в реакции на внешние шоки существенны. С помощью эконометрических расчетов показаны факторы, повлиявшие на динамику наиболее оперативного показателя деловой активности — роста числа новых предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса. Во-первых, более высокие значения показателя наблюдались в регионах, где менее тесными были экономические связи со странами, вводившими санкции. В некоторых сырьевых регионах на эти страны ежегодно приходилось более 80% экспорта и импорта. Во-вторых, уход из России ряда компаний мог освободить отдельные рыночные ниши (в торговле, IT, иных услугах и в обработке): объем выручки предприятий из стран, признанных недружественными, составлял около 16 трлн руб., или около 1/10 части рынка. Гипотеза, что этот объем выручки положительно повлиял на число вновь созданных малых и средних предприятий через механизм освобождения рыночных ниш, подтвердилась условно и со слабым уровнем значимости. В-третьих, одним из инструментов адаптации к кризису, как и в период пандемии, оказался онлайн-сектор — благодаря распространению торговых интернет-площадок и разрешению параллельного импорта. В регионах, где бизнес и население активнее пользовались заказами товаров и услуг через интернет, динамика создания новых предприятий была выше. Подтвердилась гипотеза, что близость к недружественным странам повлияла на деловую активность в соответствующих приграничных регионах отрицательно. И наоборот, положительным фактором стало соседство с Грузией и Азербайджаном в связи с переориентацией потоков товаров и туристов. Также благоприятно влияло наличие в регионах крупных агломераций — благодаря масштабу и разнообразию рынков. Наблюдения позволили сделать ряд рекомендаций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the limited markets now available to entrepreneurs and the disruption of supply chains, many indicators of business activity in Russia did not decrease in 2022. However, there are significant differences between regions in their response to these external shocks. The article evaluates factors that brought about changes in the most pertinent indicator of business activity – the growth in the number of new small and medium-sized businesses. First, in regions where economic ties with the countries that imposed sanctions were weaker, there were more such new businesses. In some regions that produce raw materials, those countries annually accounted for more than 80% of exports and imports. Second, the withdrawal of companies from Russia may open up certain market niches (in trade, IT, other services, and processing). The revenue of enterprises from countries deemed unfriendly by the Russian government was about 16 trillion rubles, or about one tenth of the market. The hypothesis that this amount of revenue had a positive effect on the number of newly created small and medium-sized enterprises because of less competition in certain market niches was confirmed provisionally and with a low degree of significance. Third, just as the online sector provided one way of adapting to a crisis during the pandemic, the ubiquitous reach of online trading platforms along with access to parallel imports came into play. In regions where businesses and the public placed more orders for goods and services via the internet, more new enterprises were created. The hypothesis that proximity to unfriendly countries had a negative impact on business activity in the regions at their borders was confirmed. And vice versa, the proximity to Georgia and Azerbaijan had a positive effect as the flow of goods and tourists was redirected toward the North Caucasus. The scale and diversity of markets due to large economic agglomerations in the regions was also beneficial. These observations bear on a number of recommendations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внешние шоки</kwd><kwd>малый и средний бизнес</kwd><kwd>рыночные ниши</kwd><kwd>кризис</kwd><kwd>адаптация экономики</kwd><kwd>приграничные регионы</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>параллельный импорт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>external shocks</kwd><kwd>small and medium businesses</kwd><kwd>market niches</kwd><kwd>crisis</kwd><kwd>economic adaptation</kwd><kwd>border regions</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>parallel imports</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках госзадания РАНХиГС. Авторы благодарят Д. Землянского за предоставленные данные, А. Волошинскую — за предварительные расчеты и рецензентов — за ценные комментарии.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been prepared as part of a state commission from the RANEPA. The authors would like to express their gratitude to D. 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