<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2026-1-6-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Социальная политика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Social Policy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политика в отношении рождаемости и семей с детьми: современные подходы и оценки эффективности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Policy on Birth Rates and Families With Children: Current Approaches and Assessment of Their Effectiveness</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-0326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Михайловна Малева – кандидат экономических наук, директор центра «Институт социального анализа и прогнозирования», Институт прикладных экономических исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</p><p>119034, Москва, Пречистенская наб., 11, к. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana M. Maleva, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Head of the Center for Social Analysis and Forecasting, Institute of Applied Economic Research, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration </p><p>11, k. 2, Prechistenskaya nab., Moscow, 119034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maleva-tm@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-2435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Середкина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seredkina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Андреевна Середкина – кандидат экономических наук, PhD (Demographics), научный сотрудник центра «Институт социального анализа и прогнозирования», Институт прикладных экономических исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</p><p>119034, Москва, Пречистенская наб., 11, к. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Seredkina, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), PhD (Demographics), Research Fellow, Center for Social Analysis and Forecasting, Institute of Applied Economic Research, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration </p><p>11, k. 2, Prechistenskaya nab., Moscow, 119034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">seredkina-ea@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0091-7532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаренцева</surname><given-names>A. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarentseva</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алла Олеговна Макаренцева –  кандидат экономических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник центра «Институт социального анализа и прогнозирования», Институт прикладных экономических исследований, Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</p><p>119034, Москва, Пречистенская наб., 11, к. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla O. Makarentseva, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Lead Researcher, Center for Social Analysis and Forecasting, Institute of Applied Economic Research, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration </p><p>11, k. 2, Prechistenskaya nab., Moscow, 119034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makarentseva-ao@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малева Т.М., Середкина Е.А., Макаренцева A.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малева Т.М., Середкина Е.А., Макаренцева A.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maleva T.M., Seredkina E.A., Makarentseva A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/597">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/597</self-uri><abstract><p>С 2020–2021 годов и до настоящего времени наблюдается очередной виток снижения суммарного коэффициента рождаемости (СКР) во многих развитых странах, включая те, которые имеют наиболее эффективную систему поддержки семей с детьми. За колебаниями СКР стоят как экономические кризисы (стагнация доходов на фоне роста потребительских стандартов и притязаний, повсеместное снижение доступности жилья и др.), так и социокультурные сдвиги (влияние социальных сетей, распространение норм «интенсивного родительства», усложнение поиска баланса родительства и занятости на рынке труда в условиях высокой материнской нагрузки и др.). Большинство развитых и многие развивающиеся страны проводят демографическую политику, которая может прямо артикулироваться в нормативных актах или осуществляться через отдельные мероприятия. В статье рассматриваются классические системы поддержки рождаемости с акцентом на их трансформации в последнее десятилетие, приводятся оценки эффективности мер на основе пула зарубежных исследований и показывается, в каком направлении могут идти их изменения на новом этапе снижения календарных показателей рождаемости. Согласно результатам обзора исследований о мерах поддержки рождаемости, наибольший эффект дает комбинированный подход к реализации мер, охватывающий несколько разных направлений. При этом крайне важна последовательность политики, а также экономический, социальный, исторический и культурный контекст страны. Меры поддержки лучше влияют на время рождений, но не на итоговое число детей. Одна из причин этого – быстро меняющиеся социальные и экономические условия, значительные культурно-ценностные сдвиги, происходящие за время жизни современных поколений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>From 2020 and 2021 to the present, the total fertility rate has resumed its decline in many developed countries, even those with the most developed support for families with children. This is due in part to economic crises (stagnant incomes against a backdrop of rising consumer standards and expectations, a global decline in housing affordability, etc.) and also to socio-cultural shifts (the effects of social media, the spread of “intensive parenting,” the increasing difficulty of balancing parenthood and employment while maternal duties are mostly undiminished, etc.). Most developed and many developing countries pursue demographic policies, which may be explicitly codified in legislation or implemented through separate measures. The authors examine this common fertility support with an emphasis on its transformation over the past decade and then assess the effectiveness of such measures based on a pool of international studies. The article also addresses what directions these policies may take in the new phase of sustained decline in fertility. A review of studies on fertility support measures indicates that a combined approach encompassing multiple areas has the greatest effect. However, policy consistency and a country's economic, social, historical, and cultural context are extremely important. Support measures have a greater impact on the timing of births than on the final number of children. One reason for this is the rapidly changing social and economic conditions, as well as significant shifts in cultural values, that are occurring during the lifetime of the current generation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>демографическая политика</kwd><kwd>стимулирование рождаемости</kwd><kwd>поддержка семей с детьми</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fertility</kwd><kwd>demographic policy</kwd><kwd>encouraging childbirth</kwd><kwd>support for families with children</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения научно-исследовательской работы государственного задания РАНХиГС</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been prepared as part of a research program under a state directive to the RANEPA</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aassve A., Lappegård T. Cash-Benefit Policy and Childbearing Decisions in Norway. Marriage &amp; Family Review, 2010, vol. 46, no 3, pp. 149-169. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2010.490094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aassve A., Lappegård T. Cash-Benefit Policy and Childbearing Decisions in Norway. Marriage &amp; Family Review, 2010, vol. 46, no 3, pp. 149-169. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2010.490094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baizan P. Regional Child Care Availability and Fertility Decisions in Spain. Demographic Research, 2009, vol. 21, article 27, pp. 803-842. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2009.21.27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baizan P. Regional Child Care Availability and Fertility Decisions in Spain. Demographic Research, 2009, vol. 21, article 27, pp. 803-842. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2009.21.27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauernschuster S., Hener T., Rainer H. Does Expanding Public Child Care Encourage Fertility? County-Level Evidence From Germany. ifo Institute, Working Paper Series 158, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/73789.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauernschuster S., Hener T., Rainer H. Does Expanding Public Child Care Encourage Fertility? County-Level Evidence From Germany. ifo Institute, Working Paper Series 158, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/73789.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergsvik J., Fauske A., Hart R. K. Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi‐) Experimental Literature. Population and Development Review, 2021, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 913-964. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12431.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergsvik J., Fauske A., Hart R. K. Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi‐) Experimental Literature. Population and Development Review, 2021, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 913-964. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12431.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Billingsley S., Neyer G., Wesolowski K. The Influence of Family Policies on Women’s Childbearing: A Longitudinal Micro-Data Analysis of 21 Countries: Stokholm Research Reports in Demography. Stokholm, Stokholm University, 2018. https://su.figshare.com/articles/preprint/The_influence_of_family_policies_on_women_s_childbearing_A_longitudinal_micro-data_analysis_of_21_countries/6754193?file=12315542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Billingsley S., Neyer G., Wesolowski K. The Influence of Family Policies on Women’s Childbearing: A Longitudinal Micro-Data Analysis of 21 Countries: Stokholm Research Reports in Demography. Stokholm, Stokholm University, 2018. https://su.figshare.com/articles/preprint/The_influence_of_family_policies_on_women_s_childbearing_A_longitudinal_micro-data_analysis_of_21_countries/6754193?file=12315542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boccuzzo G., Caltabiano M., Dalla Zuanna G., Loghi M. The Impact of the Bonus at Birth on Reproductive Behaviour in a Lowest-Low Fertility Context: Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy) From 1989 2005. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2008, vol. 6, pp. 125-147. DOI: 10.1553/populationyearbook2008s125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boccuzzo G., Caltabiano M., Dalla Zuanna G., Loghi M. The Impact of the Bonus at Birth on Reproductive Behaviour in a Lowest-Low Fertility Context: Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy) From 1989 2005. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2008, vol. 6, pp. 125-147. DOI: 10.1553/populationyearbook2008s125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brauner-Otto S. R. Housing and Fertility: A Macro-Level, Multi-Country Investigation, 1993-2017. Housing Studies, 2021, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 569-596. DOI: 10.1080/02673037.2021.1893279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brauner-Otto S. R. Housing and Fertility: A Macro-Level, Multi-Country Investigation, 1993-2017. Housing Studies, 2021, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 569-596. DOI: 10.1080/02673037.2021.1893279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doepke M., Kindermann F. Bargaining Over Babies: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications. American Economic Review, 2019, vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 3264-3306. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20160328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doepke M., Kindermann F. Bargaining Over Babies: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications. American Economic Review, 2019, vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 3264-3306. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20160328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drago R., Sawyer K., Sheffler K., Warren D., Wooden M. Did Australia’s Baby Bonus Increase the Fertility Rate? Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Working Paper no. 1/09, 2009. https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/assets/documents/hilda-bibliography/working-discussion-research-papers/2009/Drago_etal_Did_Australias_Baby_Bonus_Increase_the_Fertility_Rate.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drago R., Sawyer K., Sheffler K., Warren D., Wooden M. Did Australia’s Baby Bonus Increase the Fertility Rate? Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Working Paper no. 1/09, 2009. https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/assets/documents/hilda-bibliography/working-discussion-research-papers/2009/Drago_etal_Did_Australias_Baby_Bonus_Increase_the_Fertility_Rate.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elhoro O., Badey D. New Media and Marital Instability: Exploring the Implications of Social Media on New Marriages. International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies, 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 116-126. /https://www.seahipublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IJIDPS-S-13-2021.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elhoro O., Badey D. New Media and Marital Instability: Exploring the Implications of Social Media on New Marriages. International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies, 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 116-126. /https://www.seahipublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IJIDPS-S-13-2021.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellingsæter A. L., Kitterød R. H., Hansen M. N. How Does Parental Time Relate to Social Class in a Nordic Welfare State? Acta Sociologica, 2022, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 150-165. DOI: 10.1177/00016993211052079.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellingsæter A. L., Kitterød R. H., Hansen M. N. How Does Parental Time Relate to Social Class in a Nordic Welfare State? Acta Sociologica, 2022, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 150-165. DOI: 10.1177/00016993211052079.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esping‐Andersen G., Billari F. C. Re‐Theorizing Family Demographics. Population and Development Review, 2015, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00024.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esping‐Andersen G., Billari F. C. Re‐Theorizing Family Demographics. Population and Development Review, 2015, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00024.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faircloth C. Intensive Parenting and the Expansion of Parenting. In: Parenting Сulture Studies. Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 33-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faircloth C. Intensive Parenting and the Expansion of Parenting. In: Parenting Сulture Studies. Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 33-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gábos A., Gál R. I., Gábor K. The Effects of Child-Related Benefits and Pensions on Fertility by Birth Order: A Test on Hungarian Data. Population Studies, 2009, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 215-231. DOI: 10.1080/00324720903215293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gábos A., Gál R. I., Gábor K. The Effects of Child-Related Benefits and Pensions on Fertility by Birth Order: A Test on Hungarian Data. Population Studies, 2009, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 215-231. DOI: 10.1080/00324720903215293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gathmann Ch., Björn S. Taxing Childcare: Effects on Childcare Choices, Family Labor Supply, and Children. Journal of Labor Economics, 2018, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 665-709. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/10813/taxing-childcare-effects-on-childcare-choices-family-labor-supply-and-children.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gathmann Ch., Björn S. Taxing Childcare: Effects on Childcare Choices, Family Labor Supply, and Children. Journal of Labor Economics, 2018, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 665-709. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/10813/taxing-childcare-effects-on-childcare-choices-family-labor-supply-and-children.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gauthier A. H. The Impact of Family Policies on Fertility in Industrialized Countries: A Review of the Literature. Population Research and Policy Review, 2007, vol. 26, pp. 323346. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-007-9033-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauthier A. H. The Impact of Family Policies on Fertility in Industrialized Countries: A Review of the Literature. Population Research and Policy Review, 2007, vol. 26, pp. 323346. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-007-9033-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gauthier A. H., Bryson C., Fadel L., Haux T., Koops J., Mynarska M. Exploring the Concept of Intensive Parenting in a Three-Country Study. Demographic Research, 2021, vol. 44, pp. 333-348. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauthier A. H., Bryson C., Fadel L., Haux T., Koops J., Mynarska M. Exploring the Concept of Intensive Parenting in a Three-Country Study. Demographic Research, 2021, vol. 44, pp. 333-348. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gauthier A. H., Gietel‐Basten S. Family Policies in Low Fertility Countries: Evidence and Reflections. Population and Development Review, 2025, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 125-161. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12691.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauthier A. H., Gietel‐Basten S. Family Policies in Low Fertility Countries: Evidence and Reflections. Population and Development Review, 2025, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 125-161. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12691.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gauthier A. H., Hatzius J. Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis. Population Studies, 1997, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 295-306. DOI: 10.1080/0032472031000150066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauthier A. H., Hatzius J. Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis. Population Studies, 1997, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 295-306. DOI: 10.1080/0032472031000150066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Fertility in 204 Countries and Territories, 1950-2021, With Forecasts to 2100: А Comprehensive Demographic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 2024, vol. 403, article 10440, pp. 2057-2099. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(24)00550-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Fertility in 204 Countries and Territories, 1950-2021, With Forecasts to 2100: А Comprehensive Demographic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 2024, vol. 403, article 10440, pp. 2057-2099. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(24)00550-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González L. The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2013, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 160-188. DOI: 10.1257/pol.5.3.160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González L. The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2013, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 160-188. DOI: 10.1257/pol.5.3.160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Jr-Tsung. Personal Tax Exemption: The Effect on Fertility in Taiwan. Developing Economies, 2002, vol. 40, pp. 32-48. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2002.tb00909.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Jr-Tsung. Personal Tax Exemption: The Effect on Fertility in Taiwan. Developing Economies, 2002, vol. 40, pp. 32-48. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2002.tb00909.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebano A., Jamieson L. Childbearing in Italy and Spain: Postponement Narratives. Population and Development Review, 2020, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 121-144. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebano A., Jamieson L. Childbearing in Italy and Spain: Postponement Narratives. Population and Development Review, 2020, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 121-144. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin P. S., Chang C. O., Foo Sing T. Do Housing Options Affect Child Birth Decisions? Evidence From Taiwan. Urban Studies, 2016, vol. 53, no. 16, pp. 3527-3546. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2585216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin P. S., Chang C. O., Foo Sing T. Do Housing Options Affect Child Birth Decisions? Evidence From Taiwan. Urban Studies, 2016, vol. 53, no. 16, pp. 3527-3546. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2585216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luci-Greulich A., Thévenon O. The Impact of Family Policies on Fertility Trends in Developed Countries. European Journal of Population, 2013, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 387-416. DOI: 10.1007/s10680-013-9295-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luci-Greulich A., Thévenon O. The Impact of Family Policies on Fertility Trends in Developed Countries. European Journal of Population, 2013, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 387-416. DOI: 10.1007/s10680-013-9295-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matysiak A., Szalma I. Effects of Parental Leave Policies on Second Birth Risks and Women’s Employment Entry. Population, 2014, vol. 69, pp. 599-636. DOI: 10.3917/pope.1404.0599.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matysiak A., Szalma I. Effects of Parental Leave Policies on Second Birth Risks and Women’s Employment Entry. Population, 2014, vol. 69, pp. 599-636. DOI: 10.3917/pope.1404.0599.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mörk E., Sjögren A., Svaleryd H. Childcare Costs and the Demand for Children Evidence From a Nationwide Reform. Journal of Population Economics, 2013, vol. 26, pp. 33-65. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1752111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mörk E., Sjögren A., Svaleryd H. Childcare Costs and the Demand for Children Evidence From a Nationwide Reform. Journal of Population Economics, 2013, vol. 26, pp. 33-65. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1752111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novoa C., Cova F., Nazar G., Oliva K., Vergara-Barra P. Intensive Parenting: The Risks of Overdemanding. Trends in Psychology, 2025, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 53-66. DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00229-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novoa C., Cova F., Nazar G., Oliva K., Vergara-Barra P. Intensive Parenting: The Risks of Overdemanding. Trends in Psychology, 2025, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 53-66. DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00229-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pellegrino A., Abe M., Shannon R. The Dark Side of Social Media: Content Effects on the Relationship Between Materialism and Consumption Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022, vol. 13, article 870614. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pellegrino A., Abe M., Shannon R. The Dark Side of Social Media: Content Effects on the Relationship Between Materialism and Consumption Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022, vol. 13, article 870614. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puur A., Klesment M. Signs of a Stable or Provisional Increase in Fertility? Reflections on Developments in Estonia. Demográfia. English Edition, 2011, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 31-55. https://ideas.repec.org/a/nki/journl/v54y2011i5p31-55.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puur A., Klesment M. Signs of a Stable or Provisional Increase in Fertility? Reflections on Developments in Estonia. Demográfia. English Edition, 2011, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 31-55. https://ideas.repec.org/a/nki/journl/v54y2011i5p31-55.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raute A. Can Financial Incentives Reduce the Baby Gap? Evidence From a Reform in Maternity Leave Benefits. Journal of Public Economics, 2019, vol. 169, pp. 203-222. https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sef/media/econ/research/workingpapers/2018/wp871.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raute A. Can Financial Incentives Reduce the Baby Gap? Evidence From a Reform in Maternity Leave Benefits. Journal of Public Economics, 2019, vol. 169, pp. 203-222. https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sef/media/econ/research/workingpapers/2018/wp871.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raybould A., Sear R. Children of the (Gender) Revolution: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis of How Gendered Division of Labour Influences Fertility. Population Studies, 2021, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 169-190. DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2020.1851748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raybould A., Sear R. Children of the (Gender) Revolution: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis of How Gendered Division of Labour Influences Fertility. Population Studies, 2021, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 169-190. DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2020.1851748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rindfuss R. R., Guilkey D., Morgan S. P., Kravdal Ø., Guzzo K. B. Child Care Availability and First-Birth Timing in Norway. Demography, 2007, vol. 44, pp. 345-372. DOI: 10.1353/ dem.2007.0017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rindfuss R. R., Guilkey D., Morgan S. P., Kravdal Ø., Guzzo K. B. Child Care Availability and First-Birth Timing in Norway. Demography, 2007, vol. 44, pp. 345-372. DOI: 10.1353/ dem.2007.0017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rindfuss R. R., Guilkey D. K., Morgan S. P., Kravdal Ø. Child-Care Availability and Fertility in Norway. Population and Development Review, 2010, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 725-748. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00355.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rindfuss R. R., Guilkey D. K., Morgan S. P., Kravdal Ø. Child-Care Availability and Fertility in Norway. Population and Development Review, 2010, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 725-748. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00355.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rotkirch A. The Wish for a Child. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2020, vol. 18, pp. 49-62. DOI: 10.1553/populationyearbook2020.deb05.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotkirch A. The Wish for a Child. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2020, vol. 18, pp. 49-62. DOI: 10.1553/populationyearbook2020.deb05.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Society at a Glance 2024. OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing, 2024. https://www. oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Society at a Glance 2024. OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing, 2024. https://www. oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun S. H. L. Population Policy and Reproduction in Singapore: Making Future Citizens. London, Routledge, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun S. H. L. Population Policy and Reproduction in Singapore: Making Future Citizens. London, Routledge, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Global Risks Report 2023. World Economic Forum, 2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Global Risks Report 2023. World Economic Forum, 2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Wijk D. House Prices and Fertility: Can the Dutch Housing Crisis Explain the Post2010 Fertility Decline? Population, Space and Place, 2024, vol. 30, no. 7, article e2787. DOI: 10.1002/psp.2787.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Wijk D. House Prices and Fertility: Can the Dutch Housing Crisis Explain the Post2010 Fertility Decline? Population, Space and Place, 2024, vol. 30, no. 7, article e2787. DOI: 10.1002/psp.2787.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vignoli D., Bazzani G., Guetto R., Minello A., Pirani E. Uncertainty and Narratives of the Future: A Theoretical Framework for Contemporary Fertility. In: Schoen R. (ed.). Analyzing Contemporary Fertility. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis. Cham, Springer, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 25-47. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48519-1_3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vignoli D., Bazzani G., Guetto R., Minello A., Pirani E. Uncertainty and Narratives of the Future: A Theoretical Framework for Contemporary Fertility. In: Schoen R. (ed.). Analyzing Contemporary Fertility. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis. Cham, Springer, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 25-47. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48519-1_3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wood J., Neels K. Local Childcare Availability and Dual-Earner Fertility: Variation in Childcare Coverage and Birth Hazards Over Place and Time. European Journal of Population, 2019, vol. 35, pp. 913-937. DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9510-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wood J., Neels K. Local Childcare Availability and Dual-Earner Fertility: Variation in Childcare Coverage and Birth Hazards Over Place and Time. European Journal of Population, 2019, vol. 35, pp. 913-937. DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9510-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Population Policies 2021. New York, United Nations, 2021. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2021_wpp-fertility_policies.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Population Policies 2021. New York, United Nations, 2021. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2021_wpp-fertility_policies.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
