<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2026-1-124-159</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-601</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Антимонопольное регулирование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Antimonopoly Regulations</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Поддержка свободного входа на рынки, контролируемые цифровыми платформами: экономический анализ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Supporting Free Entry Into Markets Controlled by Digital Platforms: An Economic Analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7632-3989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чесноков</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chesnokov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Сергеевич Чесноков – аспирант департамента прикладной экономики факультета экономических наук</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский бул., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav S. Chesnokov, Postgraduate Student, Applied Economics Department </p><p>11, Pokrovskiy bul., Moscow, 109028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vschesnokov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чесноков В.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чесноков В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chesnokov V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/601">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/601</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена исследованию исключающих условий договоров (exclusionary clauses) на многосторонних рынках с сетевыми эффектами. Предмет статьи — влияние договоров об участии в выручке между разными типами разработчиков приложений и производителями мобильных устройств на конкуренцию и выигрыши потребителей. Целью работы является определение мотивации укоренившегося разработчика к заключению исключающих контрактов и анализ влияния конкурентной политики, регулирующей исключающие договоры, на благосостояние пользователей, производителей мобильных устройств и разработчиков приложений. С помощью игровой модели продемонстрировано, что договор, исключающий предустановку приложения новичка, негативно влияет на благосостояние потребителей в случае, если они несут ненулевые трансакционные издержки при самостоятельной установке приложения новичка. Мотивация к предложению исключающего договора у укоренившегося разработчика обусловлена дополнительной прибылью в результате монополизации рынка цифровой рекламы на основе контроля потока персональных данных индивидуальных пользователей. Эта прибыль позволяет ему предложить производителям мобильных устройств достаточную для отказа от предустановки приложения новичка компенсацию. Существенным результатом модели является вывод о том, что структуру рынка определяют не пользователи и рекламодатели, взаимодействие которых внутри приложений создает ценность, а разработчики приложений и производители мобильных устройств, которые являются посредниками во взаимодействии пользователей и рекламодателей друг с другом. С помощью модели проведено сравнение политики запрета исключающих договоров в случае, если они негативно влияют на благосостояние потребителей, и политики экрана выбора, которая позволяет пользователям при первом запуске мобильного устройства самостоятельно выбирать приложение, которое они хотели бы использовать. Политика экрана выбора является предпочтительной, поскольку ее внедрение лишает укоренившегося разработчика стимулов к разработке альтернативных методов блокировки входа новичка на рынок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines exclusionary clauses applied across networks in multi-sided markets and focuses on how revenue-sharing agreements between different types of application developers and mobile device manufacturers impact competition and consumer welfare. The study examines why incumbent market players resort to exclusionary contracts and how the competition policies applied affect the welfare of users, mobile device manufacturers, and application developers. Using a game theory model, the author shows that excluding a newcomer’s application prior to installation reduces welfare when users must incur costs to install the newcomer’s app. An incumbent developer’s motive in seeking an exclusionary contract lies in the additional profits accrued by monopolizing the digital advertising market through control of the flow of users’ personal data. These profits enable incumbents to compensate manufacturers for blocking the installation by default of a newcomer's application. A key finding from the model is that market structure is determined not by users and advertisers, whose interaction via applications creates value, but by application developers and mobile device manufacturers, who are intermediaries in the interaction between users and advertisers. The model compares the policy of prohibiting exclusionary contracts when they negatively affect consumer welfare with the policy of a choice screen, which allows users to select independently the apps they would like to use when they first launch their mobile device. The choice screen policy is preferable because its implementation removes the incentive for established developers to pursue alternative methods of blocking new entrants to the market.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вертикальные ограничения</kwd><kwd>ограничение конкуренции</kwd><kwd>антимонопольное регулирование</kwd><kwd>конкурентная политика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vertical restraints</kwd><kwd>market foreclosure</kwd><kwd>antitrust regulation</kwd><kwd>competition policy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках проекта фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been prepared as part of a basic research project at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева С. Б., Хомик О. С., Чесноков В. С., Хлюпина В. А. Влияние эффекта масштаба рекомендательных систем на конкуренцию в секторах цифровых платформ // Проблемы прогнозирования. 2025. № 3(210). С. 135–145. DOI: 10.47711/0868-6351210-135-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. B., Khomik O. S., Chesnokov V. S., Khlyupina V. A. Vliyanie effekta masshtaba rekomendatel’nykh sistem na konkurentsiyu v sektorakh tsifrovykh platform [Impact of the Scale Effect of Recommendation Systems on Competition in Digital Platform Sectors]. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 2025, vol. 36(3), pp. 388-395. DOI: 10.1134/S107570072570011X. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леваков П. А. Оценка эффекта эксклюзивности на многосторонних рынках: эмпирическое исследование рынка видеоигр // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6: Экономика. 2023. № 58(3). C. 68–84. DOI: 10.55959/MSU0130-0105-6-58-3-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levakov P. A. Otsenka effekta eksklyuzivnosti na mnogostoronnikh rynkakh: empiricheskoe issledovanie rynka videoigr [Estimating the Effect of Exclusivity on Multi-Sided Markets: An Empirical Study of Video Game Market]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 6: Ekonomika [Lomonosov Economics Journal], 2023, no. 58(3), pp. 68-84. DOI: 10.55959/MSU0130-0105-6-58-3-4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А., Федулова А., Яковлева Е. Регулирование вертикальных ограничений в России // Экономическая политика. 2010. № 5. С. 42–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A., Fedulova A., Yakovleva E. Regulirovanie vertikal’nykh ogranicheniy v Rossii [Regulation of Vertical Restraints in Russia]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2010, no. 5, pp. 41-61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aghion P., Bolton P. Contracts as a Barrier to Entry // The American Economic Review. 1987. Vol. 77. No 3. P. 388–401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aghion P., Bolton P. Contracts as a Barrier to Entry. The American Economic Review, 1987, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 388-401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi J. P., Jeon D. S. A Leverage Theory of Tying in Two-Sided Markets With Nonnegative Price Constraints // American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2021. Vol. 13. No 1. P. 283–337. DOI: 10.1257/mic.20180234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi J. P., Jeon D. S. A Leverage Theory of Tying in Two-Sided Markets With Nonnegative Price Constraints. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 2021, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 283-337. DOI: 10.1257/mic.20180234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Corniere A., Taylor G. Upstream Bundling and Leverage of Market Power // The Economic Journal. 2021. No 131(640). P. 3122–3144. DOI: 10.1093/ej/ueab024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Corniere A., Taylor G. Upstream Bundling and Leverage of Market Power. The Economic Journal, 2021, no. 131(640), pp. 3122-3144. DOI: 10.1093/ej/ueab024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeGraba P. Naked Exclusion by a Dominant Input Supplier: Exclusive Contracting and Loyalty Discounts // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 2013. Vol. 31. No 5. P. 516–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.09.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeGraba P. Naked Exclusion by a Dominant Input Supplier: Exclusive Contracting and Loyalty Discounts. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2013, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 516-526. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.09.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorfman R., Steiner P. O. Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality // The American Economic Review. 1954. Vol. 44. No 5. P. 826–836.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorfman R., Steiner P. O. Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality. The American Economic Review, 1954, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 826-836.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Etro F., Caffarra C. On the Economics of the Android Case // European Competition Journal. 2017. Vol. 13. No 2–3. P. 282–313. DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2017.1386957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Etro F., Caffarra C. On the Economics of the Android Case. European Competition Journal, 2017, vol. 13, no. 2-3, pp. 282-313. DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2017.1386957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans D. S. The Economic Analysis of Exclusive Contracts in Two-Sided Markets: Federal Trade Commission vs. Surescripts // Revue Concurrences. 2024. No 1. P. 1–9. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4693973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans D. S. The Economic Analysis of Exclusive Contracts in Two-Sided Markets: Federal Trade Commission vs. Surescripts. Revue Concurrences, 2024, no. 1, pp. 1-9. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4693973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geradin D., Katsifis D. An EU Competition Law Analysis of Online Display Advertising in the Programmatic Age // European Competition Journal. 2019. No 15(1). P. 55–96. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3299931.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geradin D., Katsifis D. An EU Competition Law Analysis of Online Display Advertising in the Programmatic Age. European Competition Journal, 2019, no. 15(1), pp. 55-96. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3299931.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gratz L., Reisinger M. On the Competition Enhancing Effects of Exclusive Dealing Contracts // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 2013. No 31(5). P. 429–437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.07.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gratz L., Reisinger M. On the Competition Enhancing Effects of Exclusive Dealing Contracts. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2013, no. 31(5), pp. 429-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2013.07.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagiu A., Wright J. Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 2025. Vol. 103. Article 103134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2025.103134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagiu A., Wright J. Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2025, vol. 103, article 103134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2025.103134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee R. S. Vertical Integration and Exclusivity in Platform and Two-Sided Markets // The American Economic Review. 2013. Vol. 103. No 7. P. 2960–3000. DOI: 10.1257/aer.103.7.2960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee R. S. Vertical Integration and Exclusivity in Platform and Two-Sided Markets. The American Economic Review, 2013, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 2960-3000. DOI: 10.1257/aer.103.7.2960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motta M. Self-Рreferencing and Foreclosure in Digital Markets: Theories of Harm for Abuse Cases // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 2023. Vol. 90. Article 102974. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2023.102974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motta M. Self-Preferencing and Foreclosure in Digital Markets: Theories of Harm for Abuse Cases. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2023, vol. 90, article 102974. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2023.102974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prat A., Valletti T. Attention Oligopoly // American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2022. Vol. 14. No 3. P. 530–557. DOI: 10.1257/mic.20200134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prat A., Valletti T. Attention Oligopoly. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 2022, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 530-557. DOI: 10.1257/mic.20200134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasmusen E. B., Ramseyer J. M., Wiley Jr. J. S. Naked Exclusion // The American Economic Review. 1991. P. 1137–1145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasmusen E. B., Ramseyer J. M., Wiley Jr. J. S. Naked Exclusion. The American Economic Review, 1991, pp. 1137-1145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochet J. C., Tirole J. Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets // Journal of the European Economic Association. 2003. Vol. 1. No 4. P. 990–1029. DOI: 10.1162/154247603322493212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochet J. C., Tirole J. Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2003, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 990-1029. DOI: 10.1162/154247603322493212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochet J. C., Tirole J. Two‐Sided Markets: A Progress Report // The RAND Journal of Economics. 2006. Vol. 37. No 3. P. 645–667.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochet J. C., Tirole J. Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report. The RAND Journal of Economics, 2006, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 645-667.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tyagi K. Case Note: United States of America et al v. Google LLC (Google Search Engine and Search Text Advertising Case). Preprint. 2025. May. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17931.81448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyagi K. Case Note: United States of America et al v. Google LLC (Google Search Engine and Search Text Advertising Case). Preprint, May 2025. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17931.81448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasquez Duque O. Active Choice vs. Inertia? An Exploratory Assessment of the European Microsoft Case’s Choice Screen // Journal of Competition Law &amp; Economics. 2023. Vol. 19. No 1. P. 60–74. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3766468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasquez Duque O. Active Choice vs. Inertia? An Exploratory Analysis of Choice Screens Applied in the European Microsoft Antitrust Case. Journal of Competition Law &amp; Economics, 2023, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 60-74. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3766468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whinston M. D. Exclusivity and Tying in U.S. v. Microsoft: What We Know, and Don’t Know // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2001. Vol. 15. No 2. P. 63–80. DOI: 10.1257/jep.15.2.63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whinston M. D. Exclusivity and Tying in U.S. v. Microsoft: What We Know, and Don’t Know. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2001, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-80. DOI: 10.1257/jep.15.2.63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
