<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecpolicy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1994-5124</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-2658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Economic Policy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18288/1994-5124-2020-4-62-87</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecpolicy-764</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Демография и рынок труда</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние новых технологий на рынок труда: прошлые уроки и новые вызовы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Impact of New Technologies on the Labor Market: Past Lessons and New Challenges</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ляшок</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyashok</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Юрьевич Ляшок — кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института социального анализа и прогнозирования; старший научный сотрудник</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82</p><p>127006, Москва, Настасьинский пер., 3, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victor Yu. Lyashok, Cand. Sci. (Econ.). Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">victorlyashok@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Михайловна Малева — кандидат экономических наук, директор Института социального анализа и прогнозирования</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana M. Maleva, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), DBA. Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maleva-tm@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Валерьевна Лопатина — младший научный сотрудник Института социального анализа и прогнозирования</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. lopatina. Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lopatina.marina1693@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РАНХиГС; Научно-исследовательский финансовый институт Министерства финансов РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РАНХиГС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ляшок В.Ю., Малева Т.М., Лопатина М.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ляшок В.Ю., Малева Т.М., Лопатина М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lyashok V.Y., Maleva T.M., lopatina M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/764">https://www.ecpolicy.ru/jour/article/view/764</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена обзору исследований по теме влияния технологического прогресса на рынок труда и государственную политику в этой сфере в развитых странах. Показано, что новые технологии на протяжении последних столетий приводили к росту занятости и снижению продолжительности рабочего времени. Массовая компьютеризация, происходящая в последние несколько десятилетий, вызвала поляризацию рынка труда. Анализируется концепция четвертой промышленной революции. Показано, что, несмотря на активное обсуждение этой темы в средствах массовой информации и в экспертном сообществе, пока результаты такой революции ограничены, а новейшие технологии, относящиеся к ней, слабо распространены даже в наиболее развитых странах. Работы, посвященные количественным оценкам автоматизации и замещения труда, имеют крайне спорную методологию, поэтому большинство алармистских прогнозов представляются необоснованными. Различные исследования показывают, что более вероятным ответом на новую технологическую революцию является не рост безработицы, а распространение нестандартных форм занятости. Также в статье анализируются изменения в государственной политике на рынке труда, связанные с технологическими инновациями последних лет. Несмотря на постоянно звучащие призывы к реформированию основных мер политики на рынке труда, европейские службы занятости продолжают использовать стандартный набор практик, направленных, с одной стороны, на обучение и переквалификацию работников, с другой — на стимулирование более быстрого нахождения новой работы. Имеющиеся данные по России свидетельствуют о том, что риски автоматизации и значительных изменений на рынке труда еще ниже, чем в развитых странах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the review of theoretical and applied studies on the impact of technological progress on the labor market and public policy. Firstly, the influence of previous industrial revolutions is considered. It is shown that new technologies during the last two centuries have been resulting in growth of employment and reduction of working hours. In addition, mass computerization observed in the past few decades has led to polarization of the labor market. Secondly, the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is analyzed. It is pointed out that, despite active discussion of this topic in the mass media and in the expert community, so far the results of the former have been limited and the latest technologies related to it are poorly distributed even in the most developed countries. However, studies devoted to quantitative estimates of automation and labor substitution have a highly controversial methodology. As a result, the majority of alarmist predictions are deemed unfounded. Various studies have indicated that the more likely response to the new technological revolution is not an increase in unemployment, but rather a spread of non-standard employment. Finally, changes in government labor market policy due to technological innovations of recent years are investigated. Despite the persistent intentions to reform the fundamental labor market policies, European employment services continue to apply a standard set of practices. The data available for Russia indicate that the risks of automation and significant changes on the labor market are even lower than in developed countries.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>технологический прогресс</kwd><kwd>рынок труда</kwd><kwd>технологическая безработица</kwd><kwd>рабочее время</kwd><kwd>политика на рынке труда</kwd><kwd>поляризация рынка труда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>technological advances</kwd><kwd>labor market</kwd><kwd>technological unemployment</kwd><kwd>working time</kwd><kwd>labor market policy</kwd><kwd>labor market polarization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисенко М. Б., Варшавская Е. Я. Продолжительность трудовой жизни в России // Экономический журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2017. Т. 21. № 4. С. 592–622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denisenko M. B., Varshavskaya E. Ya. Prodolzhitel’nost’ trudovoy zhizni v Rossii [Working Life Expectancy in Russia]. HSE Economic Journal, 2017, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 592-622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гимпельсон В. Е., Капелюшников Р. И. «Поляризация» или «улучшение»? Эволюция структуры рабочих мест в России в 2000-е годы // Вопросы экономики. 2015. № 7. С. 87–119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimpelson V. E., Kapeliushnikov R. I. «Polyarizatsiya» ili «uluchshenie»? Evolyutsiya struktury rabochikh mest v Rossii v 2000-e gody [Polarization or Upgrading? Evolution of Employment in Transitional Russia]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2015, no. 7, pp. 87-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земцов С. Роботы и потенциальная технологическая безработица в регионах России: опыт изучения и предварительные оценки // Вопросы экономики. 2017. № 7. С. 142–157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemtsov S. Roboty i potentsial’naya tekhnologicheskaya bezrabotitsa v regionakh Rossii: opyt izucheniya i predvaritel’nye otsenki [Robots and Potential Technological Unemployment in the Russian Regions: Review and Preliminary Results]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2017, no. 7, pp. 142-157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исэров А. А. Социальные процессы // Всемирная история. Т. 5: Мир в XIX веке: на пути к индустриальной цивилизации / Гл. ред. А. О. Чубарьян. М.: Наука, 2014. С. 72–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iserov A. A. Sotsial’nye protsessy [Social Activities]. In: Chubaryan A. O. (ed.). Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 5: Mir v XIX veke: na puti k industrial’noy tsivilizatsii [World History. Vol. 5: The World in the 19th Century: On the Way to the Industrial Civilization]. Moscow, Nauka, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капелюшников Р. И. Технологический прогресс — пожиратель рабочих мест? // Вопросы экономики. 2017. № 11. С. 111–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapeliushnikov R. I. Tekhnologicheskiy progress — pozhiratel’ rabochikh mest? [Is Technological Change a Devourer of Jobs?]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2017, no. 11, pp. 111-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коллинз Р. Средний класс без работы: выходы закрываются // Есть ли будущее у капитализма / Пер. с англ. А. Аполлонова, Т. Котельникова под ред. Г. Дерлугьяна. М.: Изд-во Института Гайдара, 2017. С. 61–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins R. Sredniy klass bez raboty: vykhody zakryvayutsya [The End of Middle-Class Work: No More Escapes]. In: Derlugyan (ed.). Est’ li budushchee u kapitalizma? [Does Capitalism Have a Future?]. Trans. from Eng. by Apollonova A., Kotelnikova T. Moscow, Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2017, pp. 61-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ляшок В. Ю., Лопатина М. В. Гибкость заработных плат в России: что показывают микроданные? // Экономическая политика. 2019. Т. 14. № 4. С. 96–119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyashok V. Yu., Lopatina M. V. Gibkost’ zarabotnykh plat v Rossii: chto pokazyvayut mikrodannye? [Wage Flexibility in Russia: Empirical Evidence from Microdata Analysis]. Ekonomicheskaya politika [Economic Policy], 2019, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 96-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рикардо Д. Начала политической экономии и налогового обложения / Пер. с англ. под ред. М. Н. Смит. М.: Государственное изд-во политической литературы, 1955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ricardo D. Nachala politicheskoy ekonomii i nalogovogo oblozheniya [On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation]. Smit M. N. (ed.). Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izd-vo politicheskoy literatury, 1955.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харари Ю. Н. 21 урок для XXI века / Пер. с англ. Ю. Гольдберга. М.: Синдбад, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harari Yu. N. 21 urok dlya XXI veka [21 Lessons for the 21st Century]. Moscow, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu D., Autor D. Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings // Handbook of Labor Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011. P. 1043–1171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Autor D. Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings. In: Handbook of Labor Economics. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 1043-1171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets // Journal of Political Economy. 2019. Vol. 128. No 6. P. 2188–2244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Restrepo P. Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, 2019, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 2188-2244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arntz M., Gregory T., Zierahn U. Revisiting the Risk of Automation // Economics Letters. 2017. Vol. 159. P. 157–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arntz M., Gregory T., Zierahn U. Revisiting the Risk of Automation. Economics Letters, 2017, vol. 159, pp. 157-160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arntz M., Gregory T., Zierahn U. The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. No 189. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arntz M., Gregory T., Zierahn U. The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, no. 189, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aronowitz S., DiFazio W. The Jobless Future: Sci‐Tech and the Dogma of Work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aronowitz S., DiFazio W. The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atkinson R. D., Wu J. J. False Alarmism: Technological Disruption and the U.S. Labor Market, 1850–2015. 2017. https://itif.org/publications/2017/05/08/false-alarmism-technological-disruption-and-us-labor-market-1850-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atkinson R. D., Wu J. J. False Alarmism: Technological Disruption and the U.S. Labor Market, 1850-2015. 2017. https://itif.org/publications/2017/05/08/false-alarmism-technological-disruption-and-us-labor-market-1850-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Autor D., Levy F., Murnane R. The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration // The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2003. Vol. 118. No 4. P. 1279– 1333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Autor D., Levy F., Murnane R. The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2003, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1279-1333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balliester T., Elsheikhi A. The Future of Work: A Literature Review. International Labour Organization. Research Department Working Paper. No 29. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balliester T., Elsheikhi A. The Future of Work: A Literature Review. International Labour Organization. Research Department Working Paper, no. 29, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruckner M., LaFleur M., Pitterle I. Frontier Issues: The Impact of the Technological Revolution on Labour Markets and Income Distribution. United Nations. Department of Economic &amp; Social Affairs. 2017. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruckner M., LaFleur M., Pitterle I. Frontier Issues: The Impact of the Technological Revolution on Labour Markets and Income Distribution. United Nations. Department of Economic &amp; Social Affairs, 2017. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiacchio F., Petropoulos G., Pichler D. The Impact of Industrial Robots on EU Employment and Wages: A Local Labour Market Approach. Bruegel Working Paper. Vol. 2. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiacchio F., Petropoulos G., Pichler D. The Impact of Industrial Robots on EU Employment and Wages: A Local Labour Market Approach. Bruegel Working Paper, vol. 2, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Codagnone C., Abadie F., Biagi F. The Future of Work in the “Sharing Economy”. Market Efficiency and Equitable Opportunities or Unfair Precarisation? Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Science for Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre. 2016. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC101280/jrc101280.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Codagnone C., Abadie F., Biagi F. The Future of Work in the “Sharing Economy”. Market Efficiency and Equitable Opportunities or Unfair Precarisation? Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Science for Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre, 2016. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC101280/jrc101280.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daheim C., Wintermann O. 2050: The Future of Work. Findings of an International Delphi Study of the Millennium Project. 2016. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/BST_Delphi_E_03lay.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daheim C., Wintermann O. 2050: The Future of Work. Findings of an International Delphi Study of the Millennium Project, 2016. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/BST_Delphi_E_03lay.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldstein M. Underestimating the Real Growth of GDP, Personal Income, and Productivity // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2017. Vol. 31. No 2. P. 145–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldstein M. Underestimating the Real Growth of GDP, Personal Income, and Productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2017, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 145-164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frase P. Four Futures: Life After Capitalism. London: Verso Books, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frase P. Four Futures: Life After Capitalism. L., Verso Books, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frey C. B., Osborne M. A. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? // Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2017. Vol. 114. P. 254–280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frey C. B., Osborne M. A. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017, vol. 114, pp. 254-280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gentilini U., Grosh M., Rigolini J., Yemtsov R. Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices. World Bank. 2020. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/993911574784667955/pdf/Exploring-Universal-Basic-IncomeA-Guide-to-Navigating-Concepts-Evidence-and-Practices.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gentilini U., Grosh M., Rigolini J., Yemtsov R. Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices. World Bank, 2020. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/993911574784667955/pdf/Exploring-Universal-Basic-IncomeA-Guide-to-Navigating-Concepts-Evidence-and-Practices.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goos M., Manning A., Salomons A. Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring // American Economic Review. 2014. Vol. 104. No 8. P. 2509–2526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goos M., Manning A., Salomons A. Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring. American Economic Review, 2014, vol. 104, no. 8, pp. 2509 2526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hijzen A., Schwellnus C. Good Jobs for All in a Changing World of Work: The OECD Jobs Strategy. 2018. http://www.oecd.org/publications/good-jobs-for-all-in-a-changing-worldof-work-9789264308817-en.htm.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hijzen A., Schwellnus C. Good Jobs for All in a Changing World of Work: The OECD Jobs Strategy. 2018. http://www.oecd.org/publications/good-jobs-for-all-in-a-changing-worldof-work-9789264308817-en.htm.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hines A. Getting Ready for a Post-Work Future // Форсайт. 2019. Vol. 13. No 1. P. 19–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hines A. Getting Ready for a Post-Work Future. Forsayt [Foresight and STI Governance], 2019, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keister R., Lewandowski P. A Routine Transition? Causes and Consequences of the Changing Content of Jobs in Central and Eastern Europe. IBS Policy Papers. No 5. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keister R., Lewandowski P. A Routine Transition? Causes and Consequences of the Changing Content of Jobs in Central and Eastern Europe. IBS Policy Papers, no. 5, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keynes J. M. Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren // The Collected Writings. Vol. 9: Essays in Persuasion. Cambridge: Royal Economic Society, 1978. P. 321–332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keynes J. M. Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren. In: Keynes J. M. The Collected Writings, vol. 9: Essays in Persuasion. Cambridge, Royal Economic Society, 1978, pp. 321-332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manyika J., Chui M., Miremadi M., Bughin J., George K., Willmott P., Dewhurst M. A Future that Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity. 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Digital%20Disruption/Harnessing%20automation%20for%20a%20future%20that%20works/MGI-A-future-that-works-Full-report.ashx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manyika J., Chui M., Miremadi M., Bughin J., George K., Willmott P., Dewhurst M. A Future that Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity. 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Digital%20Disruption/Harnessing%20automation%20for%20a%20future%20that%20works/MGI-A-future-that-works-Full-report.ashx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesole A., Urzí Brancati M. C., Fernández-Macías E., Biagi F., González Vázquez I. Platform Workers in Europe. Joint Research Centre for Policy Report. 2018. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC112157/jrc112157_pubsy_platform_workers_in_europe_science_for_policy.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesole A., Urzí Brancati M. C., Fernández-Macías E., Biagi F., González Vázquez I. Platform Workers in Europe. Joint Research Centre for Policy Report, 2018. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC112157/jrc112157_pubsy_platform_workers_in_europe_science_for_policy.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Philbeck T., Davis N. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Shaping a New Era // Journal of International Affairs. 2019. Vol. 72. No 1. P. 17–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Philbeck T., Davis N. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Shaping a New Era. Journal of International Affairs, 2019, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 17-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Psacharopoulos G., Patrinos H. A. Returns to Investment in Education: A Decennial Review of the Global Literature. World Bank Group. Policy Research Working Paper. WPS 8402. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Psacharopoulos G., Patrinos H. A. Returns to Investment in Education: A Decennial Review of the Global Literature. World Bank Group, Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 8402, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rifkin J. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the PostMarket Era. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rifkin J. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the PostMarket Era. N. Y., G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. London: Currency, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. L., Currency, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voskoboynikov I. Global Slowdown and the Russian Economy. The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. Monthly Report. No 2. 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskoboynikov I. Global Slowdown and the Russian Economy. The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, Monthly Report, no. 2, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
