Опыт реформ электроэнергетики в контексте экономической теории

История реформ в электроэнергетике насчитывает около сорока лет и охватывает значительное количество стран. По мере накопления опыта в проведении реформ и анализе их эффективности менялись как практические подходы к организации реформ, так и теоретические обоснования отдельных их элементов. Целью работы является анализ основных элементов реформ электроэнергетики в контексте их теоретического обоснования, ожидаемых в теории и полученных на практике результатов, а также эволюции подхода к реформированию отрасли электроэнергетики с учетом приобретаемого опыта. В работе приведены классификации моделей реформ в электроэнергетике и обзор релевантной исследовательской литературы, проведен анализ опыта реформирования в различных секторах электроэнергетики, приватизации и введении конкуренции в генерации, исследованы роль оптовых рынков и меры против злоупотребления рыночной силой, способы обеспечения достаточного уровня инвестиций в генерацию, различные формы организации системного оператора в сегменте передачи электроэнергии, значение и вопросы эффективного функционирования розничных рынков. Отдельно рассматривается вопрос о влиянии развития возобновляемых источников энергии на оптимальную структуру отрасли. Проведенный анализ показывает многообразие подходов к проведению реформ в электроэнергетике. Основные элементы реформ (разделение компаний по видам деятельности, реструктуризация и введение конкуренции в генерации, создание независимого системного оператора) были схожи во многих странах. Однако практическая реализация этих элементов, их последовательность и сложившиеся в итоге организационные структуры отраслей значительно варьировались. По мнению авторов, не существует единственной эффективной схемы реформ, в каждой стране они имели свои особенности. Опыт показывает, что реформа электроэнергетики ни в одной стране никогда не заканчивается, поскольку технологические и социальные изменения требуют постоянного пересмотра принципов функционирования рынков электроэнергии и поиска более эффективных механизмов управления всеми сегментами отрасли.

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